wireless security essays

wireless security essays This paper represents the security issues related to the use of wireless (vs wired) LAN technology and recommends a number of key implementation guidelines to ensure the secure deployment of wireless LAN services in the company. As the primary differences between a wired LAN and a wireless LAN are at the Physical (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) layers, we have therefore limited the scope of this paper to addressing those security concerns related to the use of the wireless medium. The scope of this paper is also restricted to the IEEE 802.11b standard despite there being other similar but less widely adopted competing standards including HIPERLAN (Europe) and OpenAir 2.4 (US). In 1997, the first internationally sanctioned wireless LAN standard, 802.11 was approved by IEEE. This standard proposed three type of implementation for the physical layer (OSI layers) which is: Infrared (IR) pulse position modulation Radio frequency (RF) signalling in the 2.4 GHz band using frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) Radio frequency (RF) signalling in the 2.4 GHz band using direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) The IR method was not commercially implemented while the RF method suffers from low transmission speeds (2 Mbps). Further developments were made on the original 2.4 GHz band, using more sophisticated spectrum technologies. The 802.11b standard was established in 1999, which was able to deliver raw data rates up to 11 Mbps, was widely adopted in the commercial market. A wireless LAN extends the limited reach of traditional wired networks inside a building or office by enabling network communication to occur over the air as shown in Figure 1. In the office environment, a wireless network offers end-users the benefits of increased mobility and increased productivity, because it enables mobile users to access information and network resources as they attend meetings, collaborate with other users, or move ...

Hedgehog Facts

Hedgehog Facts Hedgehogs (Erinaceidae) are a group of insectivores that are native to parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Hedgehogs are small mammals with rotund bodies and distinct spines made of keratin. They come by their unusual name as a result of their foraging behavior: They root through hedges to find worms, insects, and other food while making pig-like grunting sounds. Fast Facts: Hedgehog Scientific Name: ErinaceusCommon Name(s): Hedgehog, urchin,  hedgepig,  furze-pigBasic Animal Group:  MammalSize: Head and body: 5 to 12 inches; tail: 1 to 2 inchesWeight: 14–39 ouncesLifespan: 2–7 years depending on speciesDiet:  OmnivoreHabitat:  Parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, New Zealand (as an exotic species)Conservation  Status:  Least Concern Description Hedgehogs have a round body and dense spines on their back. Their belly, legs, face, and ears are free of spines. The spines are cream-colored and have brown and black bands on them. Hedgehog spines resemble those of a porcupine but they are not easily lost and are only shed and replaced when young hedgehogs reach adulthood or when a hedgehog is unwell or stressed. Hedgehogs have a white or tan face and short limbs with long curved claws. They have poor vision despite their large eyes but they have a keen sense of hearing and smell, and they use their sharper senses of smell and hearing to help them locate prey. Oksana Schmidt/Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Hedgehogs are found in many locations across Europe, Asia, and Africa. They are not present in Australia, North America, Central America or South America, though have been introduced to New Zealand as an exotic species. Hedgehogs occupy a variety of habitats including forests, grasslands, scrublands, hedges, suburban gardens, and agricultural areas. Diet Although they belong to the group of mammals formerly known as the insectivores, hedgehogs eat a varied diet that includes more than just insects. Hedgehogs feed on a variety of invertebrates such as insects, snails, and slugs as well as some small vertebrates including reptiles, frogs and birds eggs. They also feed on plant materials such as grass, roots, and berries. Behavior When threatened, hedgehogs crouch and hiss but they are better known for their defensive tactics than their might. If provoked, hedgehogs usually roll up by contracting the muscles that run along their back and in doing so raise their spines and curl their body and enclosing themselves in a protective ball of spines. Hedgehogs can also run quickly for short periods of time. Hedgehogs are for the most part nocturnal mammals. They are occasionally active during the day but more often shelter themselves in shrubs, tall vegetation or rock crevices during daylight hours. Hedgehogs construct burrows or use those dug by other mammals such as rabbits and foxes. They make nests underground in burrow chambers that they line with plant material. Some species of hedgehogs hibernate for several months during the winter. During hibernation, the body temperature and heart rate of the hedgehogs decline. Reproduction and Offspring Hedgehogs are generally solitary animals that spend time with one another only during mating season and when rearing young. Young hedgehogs mature in four to seven weeks after birth. Each year, hedgehogs can raise as many as three litters of young with as many as 11 babies. Hedgehogs are born blind and gestation lasts up to 42 days. Young hedgehogs are born with spines that are shed and replaced with larger stronger spines when they mature. Subspecies Hedgehogs are divided into five subgroups that include Eurasian hedgehogs (Erinaceus), African hedgehogs (Atelerix and Paraechinus), desert hedgehogs (Hemiechinus), and steppe hedgehogs (Mesechinus). There are a total of 17 species of hedgehogs. Hedgehog species include: Four-toed hedgehog, Atelerix albiventrisNorth African hedgehog, Atelerix algirusSouthern African hedgehog, Atelerix frontalisSomali hedgehog, Atelerix sclateriAmur hedgehog, Erinaceus amurensisSouthern white-breasted hedgehog, Erinaceus concolorEuropean hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeusNorthern white-breasted hedgehog, Erinaceus roumanicusLong-eared hedgehog, Hemiechinus auritusIndian long-eared hedgehog, Hemiechinus collarisDaurian hedgehog, Mesechinus dauuricusHughs hedgehog, Mesechinus hughiDesert hedgehog, Paraechinus aethiopicusBrandts hedgehog, Paraechinus hypomelasIndian hedgehog, Paraechinus micropusBare-bellied hedgehog, Paraechinus nudiventris Conservation Status Hedgehogs are listed as of Least Concern, as there are large populations of hedgehogs around the world. Many species of hedgehogs, however, are on the decline as a result of habitat loss, pesticide use, and poaching for use in traditional medicines. Conservation attempts are underway around the world; as a BBC article says: â€Å"A world without hedgehogs would be an uglier place. Hedgehogs and People Hedgehogs are well-loved animals and are featured in traditional childrens stories and fairy tales. Featured in tales by Beatrix Potter, the hedgehog retains its popularity in the Sonic the Hedgehog video game. Sources Coles, Jeremy. â€Å"Earth - Living in Harmony with Hedgehogs.†Ã‚  BBC, 19 Aug. 2015, www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150818-living-with-hedgehogs.â€Å"Hedgehog.†Ã‚  National Geographic, 21 Sept. 2018, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/h/hedgehog/.â€Å"Hedgehog.†Ã‚  San Diego Zoo Global Animals and Plants, animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/hedgehog.

Burns

Burns Unlike other tissue damages, burns can cover a wider range of surface area. The causes may come from a variety of events such as boiling liquid, exposure to harmful chemicals, or electrical shock. Signs that indicate a burn may be swelling, redness of the area of damage, and pain. Burns are categorized by degree based on the duration, size and severity of injury; the least severe being first degree burns, second degree burns and the worst, third degree burns. Not only are there the regular, common burns that would first come to mind, but there are also chemical burns and electrical burns. Chemical burns occur when the skin is exposed to a corrosive substance that consists of either a strong base or acid. Electrical burns are cause by contact with electric conducting objects that are live. Types of treatment are determined by the severity and also determine the place to which the person should receive the treatment. Regeneration of the damaged tissue will differ accordingly to the type of burn. First degree burn, it refers to the superficial damage to the skin and causes only local inflammation. The inflammation consists of pain, a small amount of swelling, dryness and redness. Peeling, of the area affected, may be seen. This type of burn will only have an effect on the epidermis. Examples of first degree burns include sunburns, flash burns or any other burn that derives from a brief exposure to severe heat. Treatment for this type of burn depends on the location, cause, extent of the burn and may include cold compresses, skin soothing ointments or pain relieving aspirin. The skin usually heals within a time span of a few days without permanent tissue damage. Second degree burns affect the epidermis and the superficial dermis layer of the skin. The burn is often characterized by moist blisters, skin lesions, and bits of shredded epidermis. Also, the injury is often displayed as white. The area of damage is prone to high risks of infection and victim experiences intense pain around the area. In a lot of cases, second degree burns are the consequences of exposure to flames, scald inducing events and contact with chemicals, electricity or hot objects. The treatments for second degree burns depend of the same characteristic of first degree burns. Second degree burns include the addition of extra care to prevent infections. The skin heals within about 3 weeks and 6 weeks if the wound is superficial or deep, as the skin re-epithelializes. At the end of healing, there is minimal scarring to no scarring at all although discoloration of the area may be present. A third degree burn, also referred to as a full thickness burn, destroys the epidermis, the entire dermis beneath it, injures the subcutaneous tissue, and may spread to the muscles. Accessory structures are destroyed. The area of the wound may appear white and leathery due to the damages done to the blood vessels and nerves. The affected skin may also appear black, yellow, or even brown and is painless due to the impairment of vessels and nerves. The skin loses its elasticity, becomes dry and produces the appearance of being charred. Some of the causes of third degree burns may include scalding liquids, flames, chemical substances, over-exposure to excess heat or even electricity. If not taken into serious account with medical attention, the damaged skin will heal poorly and slowly. Since the epidermis and hair follicles are eliminated, new skin will not form. Treatments for these burns consist of procedures such as attentive care and cleaning, skin grafting, anti-biotic mediation and as such. The smaller areas will take fewer months to heal than the larger areas since those require grafting, which is the replacement of the previous damaged skin with transplant skin through surgery. ttp://www. webmd. com/skin-problems-and-treatments/third-degree-burn-full-thickness-burn http://www. medicinenet. com/burns/page2. htm http://faculty. stcc. edu/AandP/AP/AP1pages/Units1to4/skin/repairof. htm http://www. urmc. rochester. edu/encyclopedia/content. aspx? ContentTypeID=90ContentID=P01760 http://www. chw. org/display/PPF/DocID/21911/router. asp http://www. metrohealth. org/body. cfm? id=1014oTopID=1007 http://www. rayur. com/skin-burn-anatomy-definition-causes-symptoms- and-treatment. html Burns Unlike other tissue damages, burns can cover a wider range of surface area. The causes may come from a variety of events such as boiling liquid, exposure to harmful chemicals, or electrical shock. Signs that indicate a burn may be swelling, redness of the area of damage, and pain. Burns are categorized by degree based on the duration, size and severity of injury; the least severe being first degree burns, second degree burns and the worst, third degree burns. Not only are there the regular, common burns that would first come to mind, but there are also chemical burns and electrical burns. Chemical burns occur when the skin is exposed to a corrosive substance that consists of either a strong base or acid. Electrical burns are cause by contact with electric conducting objects that are live. Types of treatment are determined by the severity and also determine the place to which the person should receive the treatment. Regeneration of the damaged tissue will differ accordingly to the type of burn. First degree burn, it refers to the superficial damage to the skin and causes only local inflammation. The inflammation consists of pain, a small amount of swelling, dryness and redness. Peeling, of the area affected, may be seen. This type of burn will only have an effect on the epidermis. Examples of first degree burns include sunburns, flash burns or any other burn that derives from a brief exposure to severe heat. Treatment for this type of burn depends on the location, cause, extent of the burn and may include cold compresses, skin soothing ointments or pain relieving aspirin. The skin usually heals within a time span of a few days without permanent tissue damage. Second degree burns affect the epidermis and the superficial dermis layer of the skin. The burn is often characterized by moist blisters, skin lesions, and bits of shredded epidermis. Also, the injury is often displayed as white. The area of damage is prone to high risks of infection and victim experiences intense pain around the area. In a lot of cases, second degree burns are the consequences of exposure to flames, scald inducing events and contact with chemicals, electricity or hot objects. The treatments for second degree burns depend of the same characteristic of first degree burns. Second degree burns include the addition of extra care to prevent infections. The skin heals within about 3 weeks and 6 weeks if the wound is superficial or deep, as the skin re-epithelializes. At the end of healing, there is minimal scarring to no scarring at all although discoloration of the area may be present. A third degree burn, also referred to as a full thickness burn, destroys the epidermis, the entire dermis beneath it, injures the subcutaneous tissue, and may spread to the muscles. Accessory structures are destroyed. The area of the wound may appear white and leathery due to the damages done to the blood vessels and nerves. The affected skin may also appear black, yellow, or even brown and is painless due to the impairment of vessels and nerves. The skin loses its elasticity, becomes dry and produces the appearance of being charred. Some of the causes of third degree burns may include scalding liquids, flames, chemical substances, over-exposure to excess heat or even electricity. If not taken into serious account with medical attention, the damaged skin will heal poorly and slowly. Since the epidermis and hair follicles are eliminated, new skin will not form. Treatments for these burns consist of procedures such as attentive care and cleaning, skin grafting, anti-biotic mediation and as such. The smaller areas will take fewer months to heal than the larger areas since those require grafting, which is the replacement of the previous damaged skin with transplant skin through surgery. ttp://www. webmd. com/skin-problems-and-treatments/third-degree-burn-full-thickness-burn http://www. medicinenet. com/burns/page2. htm http://faculty. stcc. edu/AandP/AP/AP1pages/Units1to4/skin/repairof. htm http://www. urmc. rochester. edu/encyclopedia/content. aspx? ContentTypeID=90ContentID=P01760 http://www. chw. org/display/PPF/DocID/21911/router. asp http://www. metrohealth. org/body. cfm? id=1014oTopID=1007 http://www. rayur. com/skin-burn-anatomy-definition-causes-symptoms- and-treatment. html

Cultural Awareness, Understanding, and Acceptance Research Paper - 1

Cultural Awareness, Understanding, and Acceptance - Research Paper Example (Robert, 2003) Key words Idaho- A State in the US where the researcher lives Tribes- this is a group of people in a country with the same race, customs, language, and religion. (Hornby, 2010) Nimi'ipuu, and Shoshoni- Some of the examples of Native tribes found in Idaho. Mappings: (Digital Atlas of Idaho: Idaho's natural history on line, n.d Native tribes of Idaho The above tribes as indicated in the map, migrated into Idaho as one tribe, which its main economic activity was hunting and gathering. They later dispersed and went to different destinations as they looked for more food and natural resources that could complement their lifestyles. This led them to adopt different cultures according to how nature influenced their lives. There are three main cultures found in Idaho which include the Plateau culture, the Great Basin culture and the Great Plains culture. (Digital Atlas of Idaho: Idaho's natural history on line, n.d). Culture areas in Idaho Description of the tribes found in Ida ho The shoshoni: This tribe is believed to have migrated from their motherland into the US in the early years of 8,000 years ago. They have lived in New Mexico (as it is known today), and Arizona. Due to harsh climatic conditions which made life unbearable, they migrated in different directions. Others landed in the interior of Mexico. Another handful population moved to settle around Lake Mohave and survived mainly on hunting and gathering. This particular group did not settle in this region for long because of minimal resources, which could not satisfy the population. About 4,000years ago, the Shoshoni people stared to move into Idaho and by 1700s; there was a small but reasonable number of people who had settled in Idaho State. (Robert, 2003) The Shoshoni people occupied the Great Plains and their culture is known as the Great Plains culture. (Digital Atlas of Idaho: Idaho's natural history on line, n.d) Characteristics of the Shoshoni The Shoshoni people never embraced the eleme nt of politics in their life style. They mainly lived in extended families, which were built from intermarriages. They vastly depended on the resources found on the great basin region for a livelihood, mainly for food. They were nomads who would live in the valleys in the winter season, and their summer was sent in the mountains. They carried out their activities together e.g. they did their pinion nuts harvesting together, hunted together, even though they lived distantly from each other. With the way they lived, this could only mean that a peculiar strong bond existed amongst them. Their main economic activity revolved around hunting and women involved themselves in gathering. Fruit was an indispensable part of their diet. The Nimi'ipuu: Unlike the Shoshoni people who spent the better part of their early lives living in the desert, Nimi'ipuu occupied the river region. The rivers found here were Salmon and Snake which had clear and fresh water. The mountainous region in southern Id aho provided a suitable hunting space where they would find desired game meat. They also migrated from time to time for the sake of looking for food like the Shoshoni. It is vital to note that the Nimi’ipuu had a vast share of resources and this encouraged some of them to settle therefore, forming small villages. They had water in plenty compared to

Mass Communications. Does the media give us the Truth Essay

Mass Communications. Does the media give us the Truth - Essay Example Because of this unique position, the media can be considered something of a ‘fourth branch of government’ as an informed citizenry is part of the checks and balances of a society. In many ways, society depends upon the media to hold our elected officials accountable. However, society also expects to be entertained creating some difficulty in ascertaining whether the media is capable of delivering the truth. Media acts as the link between people’s personal lives to events outside what they encounter in their everyday routine so truth is important, but can truth be defined in such black and white terms? It seems clear that while professional journalists do everything they can to deliver a truthful and verifiable report, truth is often more subjective than one might be tempted to believe. Television is a truly democratic mass medium that spreads information uniformly without regard to wealth, position or education and has clearly broadened our political dialogue. Its abilities as a mass communicator are rivaled only by the internet which has not yet caught up to the television in every home concept. The average community in the developed world now receives more than 30 channels of television with many areas receiving literally hundreds of choices at the click of a button. This diversity of programming presents perspectives regarding every conceivable characteristic of society. The viewing public has the chance to view Parliament in session and thus take a more active interest in the decisions that will have some bearing on their lives at home. Other channels or an internet search will enable them to become more informed about the issues under debate and this better-informed citizen can then make wiser decisions during the next election cycle. With all of these potent ial social conduits, there are now greater opportunities for political leaders to ensure

Research the event regarding the shooting of Congresswoman Gabrielle Paper

The event regarding the shooting of Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords - Research Paper Example The first step to saving her life was the quick reaction of her intern, Daniel Hernandez. He rushed to her side just moments after the shooting, applied pressure to the entry wound to stem the bleeding and lifted her head up to keep her from choking on her own blood. He was called a hero for his quick thinking which played a vital role in saving her life. Gabrielle Giffords was rushed into the hospital immediately just 38 minutes of the shooting. She was conscious when she was immediately rushed to OR where trauma surgeon Peter Rhee, a former military surgeon who served in Afghanistan, worked with remarkable efficiency. The bullet hit at the back of the skull and exited at the front, travelling through the left side of the brain. The fact that the bullet went through and through, rather than staying and damaging was another reason why she survived such a fatal injury. One of her doctors believe that she was fortunate because, had she encountered a bullet in such an area which would almost prove it fatal, according to Michael Lemole, chief of neurosurgery said that they very quickly took her to the operating room, once in the room they performed the routine procedures for such an injury. They had to artificially protect the brain with an artificial layer. Surgeons had to remove some of her damaged tissues, but in her case the damage was not as serious. The biggest challenge that the doctors faced was that the brain may well start responding to commands like squeezing someone’s hand. The bullet of a small caliber pistol entered the back of her head and exited the front damaging the left side which controls speech. Dr Rhee told that Ms, Giffords was fortunate because the bullet stayed on the left side and did not travel through the midline which would have resulted in death. The doctors also did not have to remove so much of the dead brain tissue and bone fragments, because pieces of bones travel within the brain cause

Digital Marketing Aspects of Musclefood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Digital Marketing Aspects of Musclefood - Essay Example However, getting engaged in digital marketing techniques includes factors related with the technological compatibility of the firm and the ability of the digital platform to fulfil the organizational as well as consumer needs. This report will focus on designing the digital marketing aspects of Musclefood for improving their marketing techniques. The existing website of Musclefood has been designed by focusing only on the product and service base of the company meanwhile elements such as company information, sustainability policies, business partners, etc has been highlighted in blind spots. The company has a policy of visual content which can be seen by the limited words used for describing the content and navigation of the webpage. It was also evaluated that some subjects such as the customer feedback and deals sections are taking too much space. Although the website included interactivity but it was limited to only few portions such as the primary promotional belt of the webpage. In addition, multiple tabs have been given for highlighting various product segments, which has clamped the webpage. The praiseworthy aspect of the existing web page is the navigational system. All the tabs have automated dropdown boxes, which can easily help the customers in understanding the structure of the webpage. The above given diagram highlights the changes made in the website of Musclefood for improving the visualisation, interaction and navigation system of the website. The structure of the website has been altered in order to include more elements regarding the product and service structure of the company. It was noted that Musclefood tries to enhance their customer offerings by engaging in related diversification of their service and product base. Â   Â