Psychological Foundation of Education

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (University of the City of Manila) Gen. Luna St. Intramuros, Manila Graduate School of Arts, Sciences and Education Course Code and Title:Foundation of Education Title:Psychological Foundation Professor:Dr. Ofelia D. Lazarte Date:March 8, 2008 Teaching and learning are complex processes that bring people together. While teaching consist of behaviors are practiced by the teacher to facilitate and development of the individual, learning implies a relatively permanent change in behavior potentiality resulting from maturation and experience.Teaching and learning are both psychological processes. They are the main concerns of the teacher since learning is the ultimate purpose of teaching. The teacher who has a knowledge of the theories and principles of human development specifically intellectual development can design learning activities appropriate learner and will promote effective learning. The educative process has three components namely, the learner who is the center of the educative process in a school, the teachers who provides needed learning opportunities ands guide learners, and the learning process undertaken to achieve the desired outcomes.There are two general factors that affect the human development: heredity and environment. Heredity and environment complement and supplement each other in every phase of growth and development. In the life span of human beings, there are stages of development based on the chronological age of individuals. These are prenatal period, infancy or babyhood, early childhood, late childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle age and old age. Corresponding to each stage are certain characteristics and social expectations termed developmental tasks.Several theories of development were formulated by psychologists to explain behavioral changes at various stages of development. The five theories of development are Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Vygotsky's theory of development, Eri kson's psychological theory of development, Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Kohlberg's theory of moral development. For successful teaching, educators should understand variations among individuals. They show physical, intellectual, and behavioral differences.Learning is the acquisition through maturation and experience of new and more knowledge, skills, and attitudes that will enable the learner to make better and more adequate reactions, responses, and adjustments to new situations and conditions. An understanding of the nature of learning and the conditions under which learning takes place is very important to the teacher. There are three types of learning Cognitive learning which pertains to the acquisition of knowledge, facts and information, principles, ideas, concepts, understanding, reasoning.Affective learning which involves the process of acquiring good attitudes ideas, judgment and values and Psychomotor learning which involves the use of the muscles in bodily movement. Learning theories are classified as behavioral learning theories and cognitive learning theories. Among the behavioral theories are: Thorndike's connectionism; Skinner's operant conditioning; Pavlov's classical conditioning; and Albert Bandura's social learning theories. Cognitive theories of learning emphasize the concept that learning is a process of discovering and understanding relationships.Among the cognitive theories are; Kurt Lewin's field theory, Kohler's insight theory, Ausebels's meaningful learning theory, Bruner's cognitive theory, and information-processing theories. The teacher is the key factor in the classroom learning situation. She performs varied roles as model, manager, counselor, facilitator and evaluator of learning. Motivation is the process of arousing and sustaining interest in activity in order to achieve a goal. There are two kinds of motivation; intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic is an internal stimulus that arouses one to action while extrin sic motivation is an external stimulus to action.It comes in the form of praise, high grades, medals, incentives, etc. There are various theories of motivation related to learning. A well-known theory of motivation is by Abraham Maslow. Other motivation theories are David McClellands need achievement theory and attribution theory. Communication is also very important in the learning situation. In the classroom, different patterns of classroom interaction are adopted by the teacher and students ensure effective learning. Knowing and understanding learning styles will enables the teacher to design strategies and methods of teaching that will match diversity of learning styles among pupils.

Foundations of Human Development in the Social Environment Essay

Human behaviors can be intriguing and somewhat confusing. Human development is assessed through many factors and throughout this paper I will be discussing the interactions between the bio-psycho-social dimensions of development, the concept of human diversity and cultural competence and also explain the connection between general systems theory and social order. To understand the human thinking and behavior, the professional must grasp an understanding of the three elements I listed above. To begin to gain insight into the human behavior one may begin with the biological, psychological, and social developments of one’s life. These aspects of development are also referred to the bio-psycho-social. Biological concerns the physical aspect of a person’s life, psychological emphasize an individual’s thought process and the social development addresses the person’s interaction with those around them and in their environment. People are very complex and these three various aspects work together, shaping the person as a whole. When one of these dimensions is affected, for example if a person gets depressed this affects the psychological area; however their social interactions are also affected when the person stays in bed, this can lead to biological if the individual stops eating. The bio-psycho-social begins at infancy and continues to develop along one’s life span. There are normal developmental milestones which are significant in individuals’ lives; these are motor development, personality development, motivation, social development, and learning. There are certain developments that occur at age-appropriate times, which can help a professional define the word â€Å"normal.† An example, consider a baby’s motor development; by the age three or four they can dress and undress themselves. That is considered â€Å"the norm.† The normal development milestones offer a basic line for assessing human behavior, this way the social workers can distinguish between situations that merit interventions and those who do not. As a social worker it is significant to understand the human behavior and several concepts contribute to the understanding. Human diversity, which is the range of differences among groups, which include but are not limited to; age, race, disability, gender, ethnicity, sex, and sexual orientation. Then there is cultural competence, which is the master of a certain knowledge, skill, policy, and program. It is vital for the social worker to understand cultural beliefs, values, and practices of their clients. Human diversity is culture, it is the shared attitudes, goals, spiritual beliefs and social expectations that characterize a broader society in which people live. In today’s world there is a long way to go to gain cultural competence. Fortunately, social workers are adding cultural competence to their already existing strengths and values, making them well-appointed professionals to deliver the appropriate care to the people. The National Association of Social Workers recently developed a standard, requiring the worker to strive to deliver culturally competent services to their ever more diverse case loads. By the social worker becoming culturally competent, they are better able to address the person with diverse needs, such as the disabled, older adults, and those who are transgender or gay. It is a task for the social worker to find balance between the psychological aspects and the social environment, but it has been done; by the use of the general systems theories and social order. The connections between these two bring an understanding to human behaviors, the functioning, and the thinking of humans. General systems theory is that of wholeness, the system can be a family, a community or an organization. There are many concepts in the system theories; some of them are the system, boundaries, subsystems, relationship, input/output, feedback and differentiation. The general systems theory takes all that make that system and puts it together, â€Å"wholeness.† Social order describes the norm within society. By using these two concepts together the social worker can understand better their clients, their families, and their communities. All of which make the client who the client is. Human behavior in our society accumulates many factors as I stated throughout this paper. Many different concepts are needed to help the professional understand the behaviors of their clients. By taking into consideration the bio-psycho-social dimensions, looking at the general systems theory and gaining insight into human diversity and cultural competence, the social workers are better able to help the client succeed and become a productive member of society. Understanding human development and the social environment is the professional’s responsibility, to become culturally competent to handle all diversity that may cross their path and to respectfully gain knowledge of the client through their own biological, psychological, and sociological elements of what makes them; them.

Body Image Problems Are Serious And Deadly

Body Image When I hear the word body image I began to shrink inside. I have never really been comfortable in my own skin. As a child I was my own worst critic; I hated the color of my skin, my weight, to my hair. As a child my relatives would always say I was dark. So, I hated my skin color. I always wanted to be lighter because it seemed that light-skinned girls my age that were light skinned were able to get whatever they wanted. From the time I was a little girl I told myself I would get†¦ conditioned to believe that our bodies are flawed. Projected by the media consumed, fashion modeled during Fashion Week, or critics online, the message is clear: we commit the crime of imperfection simply by existing. Society shames us for this, for not fitting into the unrealistic mold cast upon us. One of the primary sources of this is body shaming, which is simply defined as â€Å"shaming someone for their particular body type†. Living in the 21st Century, anyone can be subjected to body shaming. However, the†¦ Media’s Influence on Body Image Many people would say that they are unhappy with their body. This problem can be described as low self esteem, several individuals say it is caused by mass media. Over the years the media has continued to negatively influence people’s body images, usually in a bad way. The media’s influence on body image strongly impacts the way boys and girls see themselves, causing severe insecurity and sometimes serious mental diseases. A person’s body image can be described as†¦ Essay Date Here- The Media and Female Body Image The media is everywhere. Magazines. TV shows. Movies. People are exposed to it on the daily. But, very little attention is given to whom is exposed or what messages are being conveyed. Females, young and old, from the very beginning are exposed to the broadcasting and the sorts. Image upon image of a â€Å"perfect† female are constantly drilled into their heads. Everything from â€Å"flawless† skin to â€Å"proportioned† bodies are scattered across the way and viewed†¦ me because I’m naturally thin, I always have been, but not by choice. I know that if I did not have the genes my parents gave me I would not be the same size I am today. To be honest I consider myself to be a fat person. No, I do not have a body image problem. I know I am thin, but at this point I should be extremely fat. I am constantly eating junk food, I am the one who goes to a party and instantly starts to look for the food and will shamelessly shove brownies, cupcakes, and bacon in my face†¦ Body Image in Our World How many women and men are unsatisfied with their body image? How many people could say that they have never judged someone based solely on their looks or their body figure? Body image in the world today consists of the perfect figure for both men and women. The perfect body figure resembles an in shape, healthy, and tan body. Though being skinny and being in shape are two different concepts. Many women struggle with what other people think about their body image. Becoming†¦ Social Problem of Body Image Body image is a social problem because it affects our daily lives. Body image is a perception of how one sees how they should look like (Paquette and Raine). It affects our lives by causing people to have body dissatisfaction, dieting, eating disorders, and muscle-enhancing. Surveys show that many women, regardless of their age or weight, are dissatisfied with their bodies (Paquette, Raine 1). It is known from Psychology studies that women’s self and body images are lower†¦ part of popular culture that has a large influence on the general population is how women displayed are in mass media. Women in popular culture show indirectly that being thin is successful and beautiful. With this false message transmitted, serious problems occur. The influence of women in popular culture and how they present themselves can be a breeding place for physical and emotional unrest. When women are objectified in popular culture, they set a standard on how one should appear. Popular†¦ Body Image The perfect body is something that every person wants but very few posses. Many people will do just about anything to either fit in with their community or cover up their insecurities. Women are clearly more obsess with obtaining the perfect body more than men. From an adolescent’s viewpoint, a particular body image can be particularly dangerous because it can lead to a physiological obsession, eating disorders, and physical health consequences (Berger, 2014). Adolescents can become†¦ sends. The â€Å"perfect image† projected by the media promotes a negative body image in individuals and can lead to lower self ­esteem. Body image could be defined as the way people picture themselves and how they think other people picture them. However, negative body image is a thought that is influenced by the messages the media. It is an unrealistic view of how a person pictures their body. Those who have a negative body image have critical comments and thoughts about their body, obsessively compares†¦

Successful learning and three ingredients needed to ensure successful Essay

Successful learning and three ingredients needed to ensure successful learning - Essay Example From the study it can be comprehended that a lot of psychologists, educationalists and researchers have put forward various models that aim at successful and improved learning. One of such models was put forward by Dr. David McClelland who recommends three ingredients needed to ensure successful learning: wanting to learn, knowing how to learn and having a chance to learn. The desire to learn is not far from right to place first on the ladder of three ingredients needed to ensure successful learning by Dr. David McClelland. Indeed the fact that a person must want or desire to learn goes to confirm the saying that where there is a will, there is a way. The desire or want to learn serves as a stimulus that sustains the learner through out the learning period. Next to a strong want to learn, it is very important that a learner possesses a great depth of knowhow when it comes to learning. One may ask, â€Å"What does it mean to know how to learn?† The fact that it is possible for someone to know how to learn and for another person not to know how to learn means that learning is more of an ‘act’ than an event. it is important that a person gets the chance to learn. This is to say that the first two factors put forward by Dr. David McClelland are only preliminary factors that lead to the actual act of learning. So after one acquires the want to learn and gets to understand how to learn, the fellow needs to follow these with an actual act of learning, which means gaining the chance to learn.... may ask, â€Å"What does it mean to know how to learn?† The fact that it is possible for someone to know how to learn and for another person not to know how to learn means that learning is more of an ‘act’ than an event. Learning is an act such like swimming, gymnastics and cooking. If you do not know how to do it, you will do it poorly. First, it is important to mention that learning is an individual act and that different people learn best through different means. For this reason, any person who would be tagged as a person who knows how to learn must first be a person who knows and understands him or her own self. As a typical example with my personal learning experience, I am able to determine factors such as the best time to learn, the right learning methodologies that works best, the length of time to learn, the type of subject to begin learning with and other factors of the sort. By knowing these factors, I have always succeeded in learning because he or she is going to apply to him or herself, the most appropriate rudiments of learning. Having a chance to learn – 150 After it is all said and done, it is important that a person gets the chance to learn. This is to say that the first two factors put forward by Dr. David McClelland are only preliminary factors that lead to the actual act of learning. So after one acquires the want to learn and gets to understand how to learn, the fellow needs to follow these with an actual act of learning, which means gaining the chance to learn. Putting into practice the first two factors without the having the chance to learn is like training so hard for a soccer match that never was. To this effect, it is important that every learner is presented with an opportunity to learn. Conclusion - 100 To conclude, it is important

Jean-michel Basquiat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jean-michel Basquiat - Essay Example His artistic out-put was later described as Neo-Expressionism ( Etier, 2010), defined as :- Although he no longer lived on the streets in his later years, the graffiti influence was always there in Basquiat’s works, as was evidence of his place as part of the African diaspora. He was also a drug user and often the works were also created under the influence of drugs. His work moved on from pure graffiti into other areas, so he became hard to fit into just one category. His work ‘Flexible’(1984) has been called ‘a bridge between traditional tribal art, graffiti art and modern socio-political propaganda ‘ and so crosses many boundaries (Rakaa 2013) or acts to give these differing genres some unity. Basquiat was precocious, in that his artistic genius flourished and was recognised very early when he was still in his early twenties, especially after he participated in a joint exhibition alongside other young artists of the time in 1980 ( Brooklyn Museum, 2014), but his artistic life, his whole life, ended with his early tragic death in 1988, still in his twenties. He was considered black, yet had few black friends, and according to Hoban, did not want to be known as a black artist, but as a famous artist. With that end in mind he was driven to produce thousands of images, not only on conventional surfaces such as canvas, card and paper, but also on the easily available surfaces of a variety of found objects, such as refrigerator doors, book margins and elsewhere ( Brooklyn Museum, 2014). The word Graffiti most commonly refers to writing or drawings scribbled, scratched, or sprayed illegally on a surface in a public place. It can also be said to refer to a style or group of styles, even if produced licitly, as for instance to decorate a youth centre on even on line as in Graffiti Creator ( undated) . Some people think the art form began in New York in the late 1960s, whereas others associate it with the Second World War, but it is

How can HR management systems and practices in Malaysia businesses be Essay

How can HR management systems and practices in Malaysia businesses be re-designed using KM and OL principles to increase innovat - Essay Example The various HRM practices would give an insight into the functionality of the Malaysian organizations and on the various procedures of conducting operations like training, selection, staffing and recruitment (Barnes 2002, 220-320). Finally, the study will highlight how the inclusion of OL and KM principles would lead to the betterment of the functionality of the organizations. Human Resources Management Practices in Malaysia In Malaysian organizations, the focus is on the integration of HR activities and practices which requires the alignment of the existing personal HR practices with the interests of the employee and personnel (Gelder 2005, 322). The strategic importance and emphasis is given on the integration of activities in the electronic industry of Malaysia. This strategic integration is an important element as it helps in solving the complexities of the problems and also, in assessing the interpretation of the problems (Gill 2000, 23). The HR strategy formulation is also give n its much deserved importance in Malaysian organizations which lay emphasis on the development and implementation of internal consistent polices and practices designed for the accomplishment of objectives (Hashim 2009, 224). The HRM practices in the human resource development process helps in the organizational innovation process. Malaysian organizations concentrate on the importance of the HR business and organizational strategy and also, on the protection of assets. However, it has been observed that the Malaysian organization does not believe in the job rotation facilities and hammers on imparting the operation knowledge (Haslinda and Sarinah 2013, 324). The Malaysian organizations are highly dependent on technological innovations and procedures which need to be re-designed constructively for enhancing the organizational outcome and also, for improving the existing systems. Figure 1: Human Resources in Malaysia (Source: Curtin University of Technology 2005). Redesigning of HR Pr actices using the Knowledge & Organizational Learning Principles Knowledge Management (KM) principles help in the improvement of the existing systems by employing own attributes (Institutional Repository 2006).There are several methods to implement the change management techniques for continuous improvement in the existing systems (Laiken 2001, 23). This is because the KM principles vary according to the situation and help in the improvement of the operational abilities of the organization (Infed 2013). The process is not iterative and relies heavily on the management systems. It aids the amalgamation of the engineering process and systems and also, the analysis of the organizational dynamics (Lee and Ahn 2001, 213). The structuring of organizational dynamics would be required for the integration of activities and systems which would address all the organizational issues and problems. The model is used to hone the skills of the employees, redesign the organizational structure and al so, gain expertise through the exchange of knowledge systems with their colleagues. The Malaysian organization needs to emphasize on their functioning in three important facets of the organization. They are namely, virtual work team, community of practice (COP) and expertise network systems. These three elements stress on the creation and

The Political Vision of Communist Manifesto Essay

The Political Vision of Communist Manifesto - Essay Example Marx does give credit to the contemporary Industrial Revolution to bring into existence a world market, aided and bolstered by the occupation of new colonies by the imperialistic forces. This Industrial Revolution has certainly led to progress and development in a scientific, commercial and communicative context. Yet, it goes without saying that the evolution and advancement of the Industrial Revolution supported and fed by the bourgeois elements is not merely materialistic and economic in its ramifications but does also have commensurate political ramifications. The bourgeoisie has not done away with the formal exploitative forces like feudalism and patriarchy to create an ideal world but has rather done so to remove all challenge and resistance to its advancement and growth. The bourgeoisie system and notion of economic growth simply cannot survive and expand without causing upheaval and disturbance in â€Å"the instruments of production â€Å"and â€Å"the relations of producti on†. Hence, as expected, the rise of the bourgeoisie has done away with all the hitherto existing notions of â€Å"national industries† thereby annihilating all the localized notions of belonging and allegiance. Yet, the irony of the matter is that the bourgeoisie concept of growth is not merely limited to profit accrual and limited domination. In contrast, the bourgeoisie intends to perpetuate its domination by remolding the existing socio-economic and politico-cultural structures as per one’s vision and interests. Hence to extend a material and political form to such vision and ideals, it is imperative for the bourgeoisie to compress and coagulate all sources and forms of production, leading to the unchallenged concentration of property in few hands. That way it gets easier for the bourgeoisie to retain a grip over the things and to perpetuate one’s advancement and dominion in the times to come. The existing feudal relations and frameworks of property ho lding were simply not in consonance with the bourgeoisie intentions. Hence, they were systematically dismantled and set aside. In their place, the bourgeoisie put in place a seemingly just provision of free competition, while doing its best to twist the political and social norms to be in alignment with the essence of free competition. Yet, what went wrong with this change is that while molding the world to its vision, the bourgeoisie also brought into existence its own nemesis that is â€Å"the modern working class†. The bourgeoisie commoditized labor as any other factor of production. It homogenized labor by resorting to the mechanization of all modes of production. Yet the â€Å"labor† class created by the bourgeoisie is bound to emerge victorious very early, helped and aided by the existing technology and infrastructure created by the bourgeoisie. In its rift with the aristocratic classes, the bourgeoisie tends to solicit the support of labor. This not only gives r ecognition to the working class but makes it a magnet for the other marginalized and sidelined sections of the society. As the working class emerges into an essential bourgeoisie platform, it starts seeing the institutions set by the bourgeoisie like morality, law, and religion as simply the tools of extending the vested bourgeoisie interests.

Retirement Gamble Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Retirement Gamble - Movie Review Example There is an important concept that is brought about in the video concerning the availability of actively managed funds that are worthy the value of investors’ money. The authors argue that there are no actively managed funds that can add value to the investors’ investments. I disagree with the argument because there are several beneficial actively managed funds in the market. Moreover, Christine Marcks, the head of Prudential Retirement, argues that she is not aware of any research findings showing the advantages of low cost index investments over the high cost active management. The general public needs to be made aware that the task of finding and determining whether the actively managed funds are worthy the investors’ money should lie under the responsibility of investment accountants. Research shows that one third of Americans do not have any retirement saving plans. Nevertheless, half of the American population think that they cannot save enough funds for th eir retirement. These findings show how uninformed many employees are. There is the need to have investment consultants who will enable the investors to choose the best retirement saving plans to suit their needs. However, it has not addressed the following question; is there any single 401 (k) plan that investors can rely on? This question is important because it will help in solving the current problems facing employees rather than blaming the financial industries for taking too much money from investors while offering little value in return.

Aviation Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Aviation Law - Essay Example Although, Carl was a registered pilot his flight rating were not satisfactory since he had no flown for 10 months (Henrietta, 2006). During his flight, Carl experienced problems just as he was about to land in his destination. Section 107 of the ANO specifies that an operator or pilot of an aircraft must specify the minimum requirements to be used in landing an aircraft. Carl was well aware through his flight plan that the aircraft was going to fly over a class D airspace and therefore he should have made Cumbernauld airport’s Air Traffic Controllers aware of his departure intentions (CAA, 2009). Moreover, section 107 of the ANO an aircraft should not descend from a height above 1000 meters to the relevant airport without clear vision of that airport. One of the important information that was ignored was the flying requirement for the plane used by Carl. Carl flew a plane that was fuel starved for its intended journey which was in contravention of the section 107 which require s minimum requirements to be followed. Betty, a part owner of the plane company in which Carl later flew contravened the ANO’s section 138, which states that a person must not recklessly or negligently an aircraft to endanger any property or person. Betty did not take any steps in ensuring that Carl was qualified to fly an airplane since she only relied on his word. As the operator of the company that owned the airplane she had the obligation of ensuring that air safety is maintained for her employees and clients. Moreover, Betty did not bother to check if Carl personal log book had good instrument rating since the law prohibits pilots from flying with poor... The paper tells that many commercial activities are controlled and monitored by the laws for the benefit or protection of different stakeholders. Moreover, several laws have been enacted to cater for special interests such as human rights, consumer protection and many other special interests. Air travel is nowadays a common form of transport in the world and this type of travel is suited for passengers travelling long distances or those in a hurry. The researchers have seen the case of Carl who was in a hurry and thus risked his life in an aircraft. Moreover, we looked at Dan who endangered his life and caused injuries to one of his passengers through his actions. The Air Navigation Order (ANO) or Rules of the Air (RotA) laws were enacted to protect air operators, travellers and employees who work in the airline industry. However, these laws are used only in the UK and thus in some situations it necessary to make use of laws and previous cases in handling out judgements. In the first case, we take a look at the case of Carl who ignored the rules and provisions of the ANO. While on the other hand the second case we take a look at a rookie helicopter pilot who blatantly ignores aviation laws. These two cases are different and explore how provisions of the ANO and RotA can be used in deciding and resolving aviation scenarios. For instance, in the first case Carl and Betty should be held liable for breaching the ANO laws while on the second case Dan is the culprit through negligence.

Is it fair to isolate someone just came back from a country that has Essay

Is it fair to isolate someone just came back from a country that has insect borne diseases - Essay Example However, the situation should be viewed in two aspects; economic and financial aspects and social aspect. Isolation is one of the most irritating experiences that one can face after returning home from a long business trip. However, it is of the best interest to the country. Isolation should be done if it is proven that the subject was into zone where there is a high probability of acquiring an infection. The cost of managing the risk of infection is much lower than the risk of managing the actual disease. Thus, screening is necessary. This implies that the person should not be allowed to be in contact with any person until testing is complete. Some illnesses are highly communicable and not easily contained (CDC). Therefore, it is in the interest of the public health to detain the suspected person. Detaining an individual for three moths can only be justified is the person poses an active threat to the health satiation of the country. Most diseases have the capability of ‘hiding’ in the body such that they cannot be detected easily without regular testing for a period. This can justify detaining a person for 3 months. The economic and social costs of managing an individual can be so affordable than managing a viral infection. Moreover, it is worthwhile to note that immediate family members are the most vulnerable to infection, just in case one of them has it. In an extension, with other factors constant, isolation of a family member on suspicion of a disease protects the whole family. There are several contrary opinions which depict the unfairness of isolation. First, the subject is denied his or her social rights to see and interact with the family. It is expected that after being outside the country for 3 months, the family is very expectant to receive a family member. Isolation constricts the social welfare that the family members enjoy. It is not fair for children to have a parent detained or parents having a child

Poverty and Deprivation Essay Example for Free

Poverty and Deprivation Essay The area a child grows up in has an effect, for example if a child is brought up on a council estate in poor housing they are more likely to have health problems. If parents are not working or have low income jobs they are likely to buy cheaper food and usually this means lower quality which can lead to health problems. Children and their families may have lower expectations. They might settle for the life that id mapped out. If a child lives in high rise flats or appartments they have less oppportunities to play. In poor quality housing there may not be a garden or safe playing area. This is reducing the childs opportunities to develop their physical gross motor skills. This of course is not always the case and there are many ways that we can tackle these issues and help to improve the chances and opportunities children have who live in poverty. However, if a lack of nourishing food is a problem due to severe poverty, this can severly damage a childs physical and mental well being. This can have a knock on effect in the sense that they become listless and withdrawn from having no energy, meaning they find it hard to take part in learning activities and wont have the benefit of developing their learning further. If there is a strained parental relationship due to money worries a child will undoubtedly be affect by this also. Poverty can affect children adversley in many ways and its important that they get what they are missing at home when they go to pre-school/nursery. History of abuse and neglect – Family environment and background – Behaviour of mother during pregnancy – †¢ During pregnancy, if a mother smokes, takes drugs, becomes ill or suffers from stress or anxiety this can result in premature birth and health problems for the baby such as -: low birth weight, undeveloped organs, problems with sight and hearing. These are all problems that could delay their development. Some children are born with conditions that could affect  their development such as a blood disorder. Personal choices – †¢If a child or young person as decided for what ever reason they do not want to be educated or leave school before they finish their education, this is their choice and we cannot always show them alternative choices for staying at school. Looked after/care status – †¢This again could have a huge influence as a lot of looked after children are moved around regularly. This will effect their education enormously. Separation and attachment issues are quite often the cause of many reasons not to want to be in school. This is constantly worked on by schools to find the best way to include these children in school and to be able to give them a good standard of education. Education – †¢If for example a child has not attended a nursery or play group in their early years this can often set them back from what development stage they should be at when attending school. This could be the lack of nursery places, not good enough teachers to the child having a learning disability that has not been identified yet. 2.3 Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice. Albert Bandura imitating/copying other.  Burrhus Skinner learning is affected by awars and punishments. Jean Piaget children actively involved in their learning. Shabhna Jerome active in own learning, develop different ways of thinking at different stages. Lev Vygotsky- Zone of Proximal Development/scaffolding, children actively learning through social interaction. How current theorist views influence practice today. Skinner reward charts and other positive reinforcement techniques.  Vygotsky developed a concept called proximal development which centres on the idea that adults help children to learn and that children help each other . Guiding children to look for answers by imitating what they see in others, listening to instructions and working as part of a group all provide opportunities for them to expand their current base of knowledge. Bruner- developed spiral curriculum which makes us believe that children learn through discovery with direct assistance by adults to encourage them to return to activities time and time again which would develop and extend their learning. His theory is used today as children have plenty of opportunity for free play and child initiated activities which form the majority of the day under the Foundation Phase Curriculum. Bandura developed the social learning theory which is basically learning through watching others. By setting a good example and modelling g ood behaviour children will learn how to behave appropriately.

Support Literacy and Numeracy Activities Essay Example for Free

Support Literacy and Numeracy Activities Essay Support literacy and numeracy activities K8 the strategies and resources used at your school for developing pupils: a reading skills b writing skills c speaking/talking and listening skills d mathematical knowledge, understanding and skills The classes in my school are of mixed ability and key stage 1 year 1 and 2 contain pupils from two adjacent year groups. Throughout the school, we use a variety of teaching styles including whole class, group and individual teaching, depending upon the task and needs of the pupils. In line with government requirements, the school lays particular emphasis upon the teaching of basic skills of reading, writing and numeracy. All children in the main school have an hour of numeracy and an hour of literacy each day but these periods are frequently supplemented by further activities leading to the development of these vital, basic skills. Strategies and resources for developing reading skills Teachers, parents and teaching assistants should all be working together to encourage pupils to enjoy and benefit from reading. The main focus of development will be through the Literacy lesson, although reading will be promoted through all areas and curriculum subjects. Shared reading This takes place in the classroom and everyone looks at a text together. The texts include various types, such as plays, fiction, non-fiction and are on a range of different subjects and themes. Guided/group reading This takes place in small groups within the class while other pupils are working independently. Individual reading This usually involves pupils quietly reading books from the classroom or library, or those used during guided reading, which pupils can read without adult support. I hear individual pupils read as much as possible as it is an important way of developing their reading skills. For those pupils who need extra help, they are taken out of the class by an assistant and have one to one time to encourage and help them with their reading. When supporting pupils reading, I use a range of strategies and check with the teacher whether any pupils have specific targets. However, it is important to involve all pupils if I am working with a group and to be aware if I have pupils who are reluctant to talk about what they are reading. I ensure I give them plenty of praise and encouragement to build up their confidence and reassure them when putting their ideas forward. Careful questioning also helps me find out about pupils understanding of texts so they can tell me what they are reading about. Strategies and resources for developing writing skills As pupils develop writing skills, they need support both in English/Literacy lessons and in other subject areas as they form basic words. I therefore need to help them with the technical aspects of writing, including spelling, grammar and handwriting. Strategies for developing writing skills can be done by carrying out shared writing activities. Using pictures and key words or phrases. Using workbooks to encourage writing skills. Strategies and resources for developing speaking/talking and listening skills Pupils who are not confident when speaking need to be aware that I value what they have to say. I can show them that I am interested by- Giving them eye-contact when they are talking to me Smiling or encouraging them to continue while they are talking Repeating back what they have told me Asking them open-ended questions to encourage them to answer in more detail I can also support pupils by allowing them time to think about and formulate ideas before they give their answers. Some pupils find it very difficult to sit quietly and listen to what others are saying. Young pupils find activities such as â€Å"carpet time† where they need to spend a long time listening to others, quite difficult or easier in a smaller group. Pupils who lack confidence in speaking and listening situations in class, for whatever reason, are given opportunities to develop these skills in smaller groups, which they find less threatening. We can develop speaking and listening skills in many different situations, not necessarily as planned events. Literacy resources I am able to identify the location of literacy resources within individual classes. These support basic writing with younger pupils for example lists of words or sound cards or may be books such as dictionaries. The school also has a range of technical resources such as computer programs and software to support literacy activities. Strategies and resources for developing mathematical knowledge, understanding and skills When working with pupils on Maths tasks, I will use different strategies to support the development of their skills. It is likely that I will adapt how I do this depending on the needs of the pupil, so I need to know about individual pupils targets for Maths. I might use some of the following strategies. Helping pupils to interpret and follow instructions Some pupils find it hard to recall instructions or follow a series of points given by the teacher. I may need to help them follow what is required. Reminding pupils of teaching points made by the teacher Some pupils may find a task challenging because of their individual learning needs or ability to focus on it. I may need to remind them about specific teaching points to enable them to continue. Questioning and prompting pupils It is likely that I will use this strategy regularly with all pupils, as they often need to be refocused or have specific questioning to redirect their hinking. Helping pupils to select and use appropriate mathematical resources I may need to prompt or encourage pupils to think about resources available to them when working on Maths activities. Explaining and reinforcing the correct use of mathematical vocabulary – to reinforce vocabulary used by the teacher, extend pupil vocabulary and check pupil s understanding of the terms used. Introducing follow-on tasks to reinforce and extend learning The teacher may have given additional tasks for pupils to work on if they have finished the initial activity. More able pupils may be asked to develop concepts and find their own objectives, but it is likely that I will still need to check these with them. Numeracy resources I know how to use any resources that I need and where they are kept. All pupils are given the opportunity to look at and explore resources before starting to use them, and some pupils may need help if they are unfamiliar with particular resources. Resources for Maths may range from measuring apparatus for length and weight to number equipment, such as number lines, cards or cubes and games to develop different Maths skills. There is also numeracy software on our computers.

Blue Archipelago Berhad (BAB) Shrimp Aquaculture

Blue Archipelago Berhad (BAB) Shrimp Aquaculture SPECIAL TOPIC IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY SCIENCE ACADEMIC TALK REPORT OF BLUE ARCHIPELAGO BERHAD WAN MAISARAH BINTI WAN ZAMRI INTRODUCTION A leading shrimp aquaculture company named Blue Archipelago Berhad (BAB) is a subsidiary of Khazanah Nasional Berhad, the strategic investment arm of the government of Malaysia. The establishment of this company was since 2010. The company is focused on the production of premium quality seafood for the global market. The business is built based on the high quality standards, food safety, ecological sustainability and social responsibility. Their ultimate aim is to develop a Malaysian seafood brand that is associated with wholesomeness and integrity. Currently, BAB operates two farms, iKERPAN (Integrated Kerpan) in Kedah and iSHARP (Integrated Shrimp Aquaculture Park) in Setiu. The existing of iKERPAN and iSHARP are able to increase productivity thus increasing the market share of Blue Archipelago Berhad. BAB is the first in Malaysia implementing SAP Business All-in-One and SAP Business Objects Edge Standard Solutions to optimize their operations. High-tech solutions are vital as they aim to be the market leader in the region focusing the business internationally while maintaining high quality food and ecological sustainability. Along with the business expansion, BAB is committed in giving back to society. They have established Blue Archipelago Community Alliance (BACA) and Certificate in Shrimp Aquaculture (CISA) that aims to educate the human capital. The vision, misson, and values of Blue Archipelago Berhad include : Vision We aim to be a world-class seafood company. Mission We are committed to be an ethical organization that practices transparency in business dealings; striving for commercial and environmental sustainability and practicing corporate responsibility. We undertake to set the highest standards in food safety, quality, service, reliability and cost efficiency of our operations. We are determined to be market-driven and to meet our customers’ requirements effectively. We pledge to provide a dynamic and challenging environment for our employees and to build long term relationships with everyone associated with us. Values Passion We put our heart and mind in our work to deliver the best value to all our stakeholders. Reliable We providetimely, accurate and cost effective products and services. Empowerment We empower our employees to take positive initiatives, to do what is right and to give their best atall times. Accountability We are fully responsible for our decisions and actions that influence our business operations and the impact it has to our stakeholders. Respect We give due respect to all and maintain the environment of team work, growth and mutual benefit. LEARNING OUTCOMES According to Mr. Nazrul Fadhli, the Human Resource Manager of Blue Archipelago Berhad, there were challenges in conducting shrimp aquaculture. The main challenge was diseases. White spot and yellow spot were the common diseases occur to shrimp. White spot disease has been infected the shrimp in BAB after three years establishment of BAB. A disease called early mortality syndrome (EMS) was and extraordinary disease but iSHARP BAB was free from this disease. The diseases that occur to the shrimp may decrease the production until 60%. The major factor of disease was the source of water and disease also could come from human error. Next challenge was the cost. Shrimp aquaculture farming really need high cost. Mr. Nazrul Fadhli added, the shrimp named Penaeus monodon, the giant tiger prawn or Asian tiger shrimp was costly but they were long-term culture period, easy to get diseases, low survival and bigger size. But Blue Archipelago Berhad has vannamei shrimp. BAB has been expending RM 200 million to buy the land in order to built the whole BAB include the 190 ponds in Kedah. To ensure that our shrimp product is safe, high quality and sustainable, we need to get certifications from accredited bodies in aquaculture practices. As BAB, their facilities had received certifications of Best Aquaculture Practices and certificates by Global Aquaculture Alliance, Hazardous Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) and EU number certification from Ministry of Health MALAYSIA. In addition, iKERPAN also has been accorded certification by Department of Fisheries, the competent authority in Malaysia to export shrimps to EU countries. In order to produce premium shrimp, they had practice 4-starproduct traceability. From hatchery to processing, stringent bio-security standards are adopted in BAB to maintain peak quality and ensure excellent traceability. The level of the biosecurity can be classified into two; level A and level B. For level A, we were not allowed to enter the farm within 48 hours whereas level B cannot enter within 24 hours. BAB also practices full strength seawater culture for tastier shrimp. The water was channelled into the farm by a 2.8 km seawater system and discharged to the river after a series of retention and treatment ponds ensuring the local environment remains unaffected. Fully lined ponds and ideal weather conditions were also has been performed by BAB. Malaysia’s tropical climate allows for continuous shrimp farming. This is an advantage as they can practice staggered stocking and carry our harvesting plans for their live shrimps. These factors were vital in delivering consistent yield, size and quality in produce besides allowing for more production cycles per pond. It also ensures that the shrimp colour is dark. Besides that, they were stressed on the rules and regulations in shrimp farming. One of the rules includes traceability of the shrimp such as halal, HACCP and EU approval since shrimp is consumed by human. BAB products has been accorded with HALAL, HACCP and EU certification marking their commitment to produce 100% safe, high quality shrimps that meet stringent global standards. The shrimp also should be traced the feed being fed and should know whether there are chemicals or not. As BAB, they applied 100% no antibiotics and hormones to the shrimp. By practicing this, not only were they safe for consumption, the high quality water also enhances their taste and the farming techniques preserve their natural texture. Other than that, in shrimp farming rules, we also cannot simply discharge water into sea because it can case water pollution. Next, we also learned about farm management. The way to manage the farm includes be in control, for instance, BAB use automatic system of paddle wheel which serves as aeration and to supply oxygen to the shrimp. They also establish monitoring centre to monitor the condition of their shrimp farm and the activities performed by their workers. More advanced, they have sonic sensor to detect when the shrimps need feed. CONCLUSION In a nutshell, we had learned a lot of things from Blue Archipelago Berhad particularly in shrimp farming. Blue Archipelago Berhad is definitely a great shrimp aquaculture company that can be emulated. Moreover, since we are Animal Husbandry Science student, we able to apply those knowledgeable information in the future. Hopefully, there will be other academic talk that can give benefits to Animal Husbandry Science students in the future. REFRENCES Blue Achipelago. Available at: http://www.bluearchipelago.com/. [Accessed at: 31May 2015].

A Morbid Taste for Bones, by Ellis Peters, and Favorite Father Brown St

Think nothing exciting ever happens in the life of a clergyman? These two thrilling books, A Morbid Taste for Bones, by Ellis Peters, and Favorite Father Brown Stories, by G.K. Chesterton, may make you reassess that presupposition. Favorite Father Brown Stories concerns an English priest named Brown who lives in 19th century England, and takes on various odd cases that come his way in everyday life. Alternately, A Morbid Taste for Bones concerns an older monk named Brother Cadfael who lives in the middle ages, and is caught in the middle of the murder of a farmer in a small village. Desperately, he tries to figure out who murdered the man, to appease the farmer’s livid daughter Sioned. Since both Brown and Cadfael are of the priesthood, it is fascinating comparing the two characters and seeing how they are similar, and how they are different. Particularly, they contrast in terms of the time and setting they live in, and also in their methods of solving cases, but they are simi lar in how they both share the same view that man is a depraved being, capable of both great virtue and terrible evil. One thing that separates the two characters of Father Brown and Brother Cadfael is the world that the two men live in, which is separated by several centuries of time and a seemingly different reality. For instance, Brown lives in the very down to earth, highly materialistic world of 1800’s England. In all of his stories, there seem to be very little, if any, reference to the supernatural. Actually, in one Brown story, â€Å"The Salad of Colonel Cray†, when a colonel suspects that he was placed under a curse by the head of a cult because of odd occurrences such as being slightly touched and having blood run down his neck violently, Brown ends... ...dfael lives in the mysterious times of the Middle Ages in Europe. Also, there is the fact that Brown is more of an introverted thinker, who keeps to himself until he has finally solved the mysterious cases surrounding him. Meanwhile, Brother Cadfael verbally processes and goes through his cases with those he can trust. But the thing that connects the two members of priesthood together is the fact that they both share a common view of man: that he is capable of good, but just as capable, and prone, to injustice, and iniquity. But these two sleuthing priests try to ensure that no injustice goes unnoticed when they are around, and that is what makes these books a joy to read. Works Cited Chesterton, G.K. Favorite Father Brown Stories. New York; Dover Publications, Inc. Print. 1993. Peters, Ellis. A Morbid Taste for Bones. New York; The Mysterious Press. Print. 1977

Patriarchy in Hamlet Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

Patriarchy in Hamlet  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare’s Hamlet employs the concept of patriarchy in several scenarios and each on different levels. These levels of patriarchy, if even for the same character, vary in their role in the play. Three patriarchal characters are easily identified: the ghost of Hamlet’s father, the king Claudius, and the lord chamberlain Polonius. Despite their variances each patriarchy displays values and actions which are key factors in bringing about the cataclysmic ending to Hamlet. Claudius fills the role of father figure as both king to a nation and stepfather to young Hamlet, whose father has died unexpectedly. It is revealed later that Claudius is responsible for the death of his brother, King Hamlet. This very act of murder to obtain the throne and marry his own sister-in-law, an act equal to incest in the eyes of their society, displays from the first the poor quality of monarchy that can be expected from Claudius. Young Fortinbras of Norway feels that since the King Hamlet is dead he is entitled to his inheritance of land, and rightly so as the contract was drawn between King Hamlet and Fortinbras’s father. The young Fortinbras is obviously some form of a threat to the kingdom, a thought expressed as well by Horatio and Bernardo as they stand watch in the opening of the play (1.1.80-125). Claudius does not appear to be overly concerned with the matter. He sends two couriers to Fortinbras’s sick uncle asking that he stop Fortinbras and his at tack on Denmark. Meanwhile, it seems as if Claudius does not give the matter another thought. It is odd that he does not more safely guard the kingdom that meant enough to him to kill his own brother to obtain it. He of all people should know what one ... ...blishers, 1999. Chute, Marchette. â€Å"The Story Told in Hamlet.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from Stories from Shakespeare. N. p.: E. P. Dutton, 1956.    Homer. â€Å"The Odyssey.† The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Expanded Edition in One Volume. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997. 101-336. Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Hamlet.† The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Expanded Edition in One Volume. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997. 1634-726.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.    Ovid. â€Å"Metamorphoses.† The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Expanded Edition in One Volume. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997. 684-99.      

Attitudes of Marriage in Chaucers the Canterbury Tales :: essays papers

Attitudes of Marriage in Chaucers the Canterbury Tales Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales, demonstrate many different attitudes and perceptions towards marriage. Some of these ideas are very traditional, such as that illustrated in the Franklin’s Tale. On the other hand, other tales present a liberal view, such as the marriages portrayed in the Miller’s and The Wife of Bath’s tales. While several of these tales are rather comical, they do indeed depict the attitudes towards marriage at that time in history. D.W. Robertson, Jr. calls marriage "the solution to the problem of love, the force which directs the will which is in turn the source of moral action" (Robertson, 88). "Marriage in Chaucer’s time meant a union between spirit and flesh and was thus part of the marriage between Christ and the Church" (Bennett, 113). The Canterbury Tales show many abuses of this sacred bond, as will be discussed below. One example of corruption in marriage is The Miller’s Tale. This tale includes a lecherous clerk, a vain clerk, and an old man entangled in a web of deceit and adultery construed by a married women. It is obvious in this story that almost each of these characters show complete disregard to the institution of marriage. The two men, Nicholas and Absalon, both try to engage in adulterous affairs with Alison, the old man’s wife. Both of the men are guilty of trying to seduce Alison, which shows their indifference towards the sanctions and laws of marriage. Still Alison, who should be the wiser, also breaks the laws of marriage. She takes Nicholas because she wants to, just as she ignores Absalon because she wants to. Lines 104-109 of the Miller’s Tale show Alison’s blatant disrespect for her marriage to "Old John" and her planned deceit: "That she hir love hym graunted atte laste, And swoor hir ooth, by seint Thomas of Kent That she wol been at his commandmen t, Whan that she may hir leyser wel espie. Myn housbonde is so ful of jalousie That but ye wayte wel and been privee†¦" On the contrary, Alison’s husband loved her more than his own life, although he felt foolish for marrying her since she was so young and skittish. This, in turn, led him to keep a close watch on her whenever possible. The Miller’s main point in his story is that if a man obtains what he wants from God or from his wife, he won’t ask questions or become jealous.

Categorical imperative Essay

Philosophers usually tend to think and respond in totally different and opposite ways. However, in Glaucon’s challenge, Aristotle, Spinoza, Hume, Kant and Mill agreed that it’s an uncontrollable system of desire. In Glaucon’s challenge he describes three important ideas. The first idea is â€Å"of the nature and origin of unjust, according to the common view of them† (488). The second idea is â€Å"I will show that all men who practice justice do so against their will, of necessity but not as a good† (488). The third idea is â€Å"I will argue that there is reason in this view, for the life of the unjust is after all better far than the life of the just† (488). Each one of these philosophers responded to this challenge similar and different manners. Aristotle believed that to be a good man is to have good morality. In his point of view he sees that morality gives a reason that leads to actions. Artistotle respond toward Glaucon’s challenge is reason guides passion. This makes him an injustice man because he just cares about how to please himself and follow his desire. Spinoza’s idea is emotions have nothing to do with human beings its reasons that guide us. He believed that passion and emotions leads us to be changeable due to how the world around us and not necessarily our knowledge. Reasons give us the opportunity to gain knowledge of life. Spinoza becomes unjust and gives reasons to Glaucon’s challenge. From Hume’s point of view he believed that benevolence makes us social being instead of self interest. Hume’s main concern is sympathy and empathy. Sympathy is the nature of human that makes them human beings. It’s the ability to see feel pity toward other. Empathy is the understanding of pain and happiness of one another. Hume believed that all human are selfish and that their passion guides their reasons. Passion and reasons is not having emotions or feeling pity. Hume’s view is that we should the ability to feel others emotions and understand them. Kant sees that the categorical imperative is the only moral way to act. Categorical imperatives are based on ideals of logic and acts on duty. He believed that if you feel satisfied about something you did, you shouldn’t consider it a reward but rather as a bonus for you. We only do moral things because it’s in fulfill our interest and benefit. Kant responds to Glaucon’s challenge that if the act is immoral, then it cannot be considered into categorical imperative. Mill’s view is that everyone should be satisfied and happy. He believes that everyone should think of the consequences of their actions before deciding to make them. Mill puts others as well as himself into consideration before any action. He doesn’t argue towards or against Glaucon’s challenge, he just cares about his pleasure and others. Each philosopher had his own argument toward Glaucon’s challenge. Their ideas were unjust happiness towards Glaucon’s challenge. Aristotle and Hume had opposite views. Aristotle‘s idea towards the challenge was reason guides passion, where Hume’s idea was passion guides reason. Mill and Kant had the same assumptions. Mill expresses about pleasure and Kant was certain about duty. Mill agrees with Aristotle as well, they believe that happiness is a man’s ambition and human existence. Spinoza is just unjust to the whole idea of the challenge. These philosophers’ ideas were very similar that a man would behave unjust if he had the ring.

Case: Facebook Marketing Management Essay

1.Why do people use Facebook and what do they do when they are there ? Since the launch of Facebook , constant updates and needs or wants, triggered this social network, broadening its scope permanentely. To answer the question why people use facebook, I believe the question what is the profile of the users is also necessary to understand. According to a paper published in 2012 (Evans et al., â€Å"Facebook Segmentation,† 38), a Facebook ´s pipsycograhic segmentation was performed through a partnership between a consultancy company (Psychster Inc) and students in the University of Washington Master of Communication program in Digital Media (MCDM), six types of facebook ´s users were identified and distrbuted accordingly to the pie below. Fans join interest groups based on politics, art, and music, and they often link their Facebook account to other websites. Branders prefer public to private networking, and they often use Facebook as a tool for business, building a personal brand, or accumulating social capital. Social-Searchers employ Facebook to learn about news, media, and entertainment, but they show little interest in apps and games. Influencers share videos, links, and good deals with others, and they rarely use the private forms of messaging or sharing available on Facebook. Gamers are motivated by games, apps, and coupons; they interact with strangers as often as acquaintances, and though fewer in number they log the most time on Facebook. Neutrals are unmotivated by most of Facebook’s features including status updates, and they report being members only to keep connected to the events of family and friends. (Evans et al., â€Å"Facebook Segmentation,† 37) Although I believe this is generally a good segmentation, since it links both the reasons why people use facebook and what they do the question is more complex and deep. Facebook which initially started as na alternative to Harvard ´s printed student directory, stated several diferences to other existing social networks sites, like the acess restriction to users with na â€Å".edu† e-mail adress, thereby focusing on real-world relationships, with reasonable levels of privacy and creating points of difference to its competitors. In the facebook earlies, Mark Zuckerberg, about this said†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ people have information they don ´t wnat to share with everyone. If you give people very tight control ver that information they are sharing or who are they sharing with, they will actually share more.† In addition he gave the reason to believe: â€Å"One example[of this] is that one-third of our users share thetir cell phone numbers† In my opinion of view this is d efinitely, the trigger of Facebook ´s use . We can name sereval reasons why people use facebook, but ultimately users, regardless their profile want Visibility, â€Å"Brand yourself† as a resource, Create and Strengthen bonds and feel part a comunity, without disregarding a certain privacy level. Depending on the users profile , many this can be done while on the facebook Highlight a product, Find new projects and clientes, Hang with other influencers, Tell your company’s story, Find partners, Get answers faster, Create a resource depositary, Develop your company culture, Better hires, Marketing research, Play games, Post photograhps, Chat with friends, set up meetings for all friends with details attached in a a few second and so forth. The fact that nowadays companies can actually pull information from current and possible customers is a powerful and nwe tool.Without the emotional detached its success wouldn ´t be the same. My Space is na example of this phenomenon. Myspace has been formed with entertainment and music in mind and set in more for professiona uses. Facebook, on the other hand, With Facebook, the interface is based around information. The pages are clean and clear with information and technology. 2.Evaluate the success of advertising on facebook To evaluate the sucess of advertising on faceebook, I would like put into perspective the three elements that I consider that deliver value to the major stackholders involved, and ultimately profit, either financial or value perceived, depending on the side. To measure success on adverstising on facebook one of the measures is Reach, that measures the percentage of the target audience ( those to whom a particular canmpaign is directed). According to the Facebook page analytics provider EdgeRank Checker, the head of social measurement at WPP’s Team Detroit and a study conducted by us here at We Are Social in conjunction with Socialbakers. DATA SHOWS AN AVERAGE 40% DROP IN REACH Average post organic reach 10th Aug – 2nd Nov, based on 41,051 posts made by 274 sample pages in the period. In line with the study, â€Å" the average post’s organic reach has clearly dropped by over 40% since the end of August, and is showing no signs of levelling off. Of course, how any one individual page has been affected will vary, and it’s long been known that the more fans a page has, the less reach and engagement it will get as a proportion of its audience, but the drop in reach seems to have affected pages of all sizes fairly equally† ENGAGEMENT STAYS CONSTANT Average post engagement rate 10th Aug – 2nd Nov, based on 41,051 posts made by 274 sample pages in the period. For the average post reach to drop while the average engagement rate stays steady, this must mean that the posts that are getting seen by fans are now getting more engagement. The same study concludes It’s clear that â€Å" Facebook have changed their EdgeRank algorithm to reduce the amount of brands’ Facebook page posts seen in fans’ newsfeeds, but what does this mean? Well, while some may say this is a deliberate move by Facebook to force page owners to pay for reach using promoted posts, others could reasonably say this is a sensible adjustment to compensate for the growing number of pages that its users are fans of, and the increased number of posts coming from those pages.† Facebook ´s position to this question is : â€Å"We’re constantly improving the way stories are shown in newsfeed. With the growing number of pages on Facebook it is important that people see content that is most relevant to them. These findings show that engagement with newsfeed posts has actually increased. At the same time, the number of posts being dismissed as uninteresting or spam has fallen. That’s a great result for page owners and an improved experience for all of us who use Facebook† According to the case study that is the base of this analyis, all the innvovations done in facebook in the last years, provided by Faceebook Ads ( e.g promoted posts in which brand page owners could push their contente to a broader audience), targent audience of the companies adverstising was broader. After, log out screen banner ´s available, mobile adverstising with sponsored stories ( taking advantage of the fact that half of the users access facebook by mobile). In 2007 the facebook platform was launched and since then thousands of apps were released. On of the most famous is farrmville ( Zynga Company), a gama involving farm management such as plowing land, planting, growing and harvesting crops, harvesting trees and bushes, and raising livestock, that enables people to play na online game with other facebook friends. The value is well reflected by one testemony of oneof its users: â€Å" Those five minutes that I used to spend on something of little value, I ´m now spending interacting with friends, which has real value to me†. There are more examples than can illustrate de power of this tool. One that was clearly seen, was the huge increase user ´s engagement in 2008, when companies started integrating websites funcionalities. These companies, a 30%- 200% increase in registration on their sites and 15%-100% increase in user engagement. To Facebook corporation, profits have been remarkable and after they introduce the cost per click metric for instance, the profits even increase more. In conclusion, the success of advertising on facebook is outstanding. From the consumers point of view, nowadays they trust their peers more than marketeers. Companies, used to spend lost of Money on traditional media, and now may have a large scale effect , refelcted on sales, brand awareness and profits. With this scenario, Facebook in prone to continue its path. It ´s also true that the huge impact that it enables, can play for or against the company/brand, but this volatility worths the effort as long as companies can balance and manage this process propperly.

Kathak and Social Communication Essay

Social Science and Communication ‘Kathak’ is one of the most popular forms of Indian classical dance. We have grown up watching it in movies from UmraoJaanuptoDevdas. Most young girls in India even start learning kathak right from the tender age of 5 years. However is kathak just a simple cultural product of the country that can be counted among the artistic treasures of this land or is there a larger understanding to the same? Through this article we shall travel through the journey of time and see how a thing as simple and pure as an ancient dance form can tell us the stories of the cultural, religious, political transformations of the country. The Fifth Veda Traditionally the Hindu society was divided in five varnas – Brahmins (intellectuals), Kshatriya (warriors), vaishya (merchants), shudra (manual labourers), achoot (untouchables). The purpose of this form of division was to have a more organized society by distributing it on basis of the type of work performed. However with time this became a hierarchical division of the society which led to oppression of the lower caste (shudra& untouchables) by the upper caste members. In this entire struggle for power the holy hindu scriptures (the Vedas) remained as the sole possession of the Brahmins or the educated class. Any attempt to even touch these holy texts by members of the lower caste was considered a crime. Even our holy text of Ramayana narrates an incident where lord Ram (mariyadapurushottam) chops of the head of a person from the lower caste when he attempts to read the Vedas. The shudra’s were forbidden to listen to these puranas (holy texts). (Massey, 1999) It’s believed that looking at this state of the society gods asked Lord Brahma to devise something which would be accessible to all and bind this society together. This is how the fifth veda or Natya Veda was born. The Hindu epics have stories of brahma teaching Bharata (the then king of Bharat what we know as India) the Natya Veda and later his 100 sons became the authorities of music, dance and drama. The Bharat NatyaShashtra has been variously dated from 2nd century BC to 3rd century AD. This Veda was common for all sections of society and all genders. Stories and teaching were told through dance. This is where we saw the birth of Kathak as a dance form. Kathak Kathak is derived from the root word Katha which means story. Kathak as a dance form was used to narrate stories mainly mythological stories primarily for the function of educating people. This was the only form in which people of all castes and genders could share their learning. This dance form was spread far and wide through abhinayawhich meaning ‘a carrying to the spectators’. This form of dance contained various components:(Massey, 1999) Kathak Abhinaya Sentiment and Mood Pure Dance Dramatic Element Vachik: poetry, song, recitation, music and rhythm Aharya: costume, make-up, jewellery Satvik: physical manifestation of mental and emotional states Angik: gestures of the body Nritya Nritta Natya Caste Politics The Hindu caste divide that Kathak tried to dissolve eventually took another form of dominations. The Brahmins saw this movement as a loss of their supremacy and power; hence they brought in another angle to the same. According to the Brahmins since dance was nothing but another form of worshiping god they had the supreme say in these matters. The social anthropology of Kathak dancers in history is thus highly fascinating as it got equated to the priestly caste and even the kathak gurus in the northern belt of india represented the Brahmin status.(Booth, 2005) The Brahmins not only separated this form of dance from its core purpose of binding people across various castes but also hit the gender angle by bringing in the concept of devdasi . These were women who were dedicated to dance and sing only for god. These women were neither allowed to marry, nor have have any form of physical relationships. Thus the power game was won by the Brahmins by playing their cards of caste and gender politics. Gender Politics Traditionally Kathak was meant to be a platform accessible to all. It defamiliarises the ordinary sexual and social experience of women and men as people. Indian mythology also reveals various stories exemplifying gender ambiguity, androgyny, sex transformations, male pregnancy, and erotica through some of the metaphorical discourses related to gods, goddesses, heavenly nymphs, and demons, as well as sages, ascetics and yogis. There have been innumerable examples of transcending gender in kathak. Men dressed like women and performed. The concept of gender in the Natya Veda is highly complex. It believes that gender is past our physical being, it is connected with our soul and souls aspire for the realisation moksha which can only be achieved when one can get free from the shackles of bodily existence. As per the Tantric school of thought the Supreme Being is conceptualised as one complex sex, comprises of both male and female (on the right and left side respectively). In order to attain salvation one must be able to transcend these shackles of one’s sex.(Shah, 1998) Even in the Pre-Vedic literature Shiva is known as ardhanarishwara, which means containing the polarities of both male and female force in the form of Shiva-Shakti. Dance is an important means by which cultural ideologies of gender difference are reproduced. Through movement vocabulary, costuming, body image, training, and technique, discourses of dance are often rooted in ideas of natural gender difference However as time passed Kathak also came under the purview of the political game of gender and it’s got labelled with the tag of being a dance form only for the females. Even the stories narrated through kathak like the stories of lord Krishna have got adapted. Earlier it was believed that Radha was Krihna’shladini Shakti and not different from him, hence the dance was performed in a semi-circular manner where the same dancer took the roles of both Krishna and Radha. However, now these roles are performed by different actors.(Chatterjee, 1996) CHANGING DIMENSIONS OF WOMEN The birth of Kathak took place with the Benarasgharana of kathak which was then ruled by the Rajputs. This dance form then travelled to Jaipur establishing the Jaipur gharana of kathak. Though both these forms were highly dominated by females they still had a great respect in terms of an art of telling stories of god and educating others on the powers of truth , righteousness etc. However when the Mughal’s invading our country and the marriage of JodhaBai and Akbar took place two cultured merged together. The Mughals got dancers from Persia and captured women form india and got them trained in kathak. It’s from this time onwards that Kathak got labelled as the courtesans dance what we today call as tawa’if or prostitutes.(Massey, 1999) The costumes changed and the new gharana of Kathak was born which is today the most famous one – Luckhnowgharana. The dressed changed from the ghaghra (like a long skirt) to chudidar. The dresses were tighter at the bust and presented the women as a sexually desirable object. A lot of change took place in the basic hand movements and presentation if the dance and a dance that used to tell the love story of Krishna and Radha at one time became a dance form with movements meant to entice men. In the whole power struggle and caste politics it was the women who suffered the most and were heavily exploited. DURING THE COLONIAL INDIA During the British colonial rule dance became a tool of rebellion and political resistance. It demonstrated unity and power. The dancing women’s position changed from ‘pure and pious’ to ‘fallen and sinful’ and hence either victims or perpetuators of the evil of dance. Women were encouraged to display their beauty, energy, skill, sensuality and seductiveness in dance. Thus for the fear of saving there girls from the being looked on as an object of desire dance became a tabooed activity for members of society especially the upper caste. This mindset exists even today, as we don’t see many girls from the upper class of society taking up dancing. However these mind sets are changing gradually.(Reed, 1998) GURU and SHISHYA As per Natyashashtra an acharya or teacher should have an intrinsic knowledge of vocal and instrumental music, dance, rhythm and movement. He should further have imagination, intelligence, creative faculty, memory, sharpness and capacity to shape the taught. The shishyas, or the taught, on the other hand should be intelligent, retentive, appreciative, devoted, enthusiastic and must have an innate desire to excel. This form of teaching has been continued over time however the essence of the relation has got lost with the loss of the pure and pious status of dance. CULTURAL SYMBOL Today Kathak has been attributed with various new meanings on the global platform like * Traditional heritage of India * Carrier of Indian culture * Indianness * Recounting the significant past Today kathak has become a cultural commodity that gets sold in form of a few dance shows and performances however it has lost its original purpose and ethos(Royo, 2004) KATHAK AND MOVIES Kathak has always been used as an important tool in cinema. In 1955 classic, JhanakJhanakpayalBaje by V. Shantaram the film’s hero, Ghirdar competes for artistic supremacy in Kathak dance against another dancer Ram Prasad. Ghirdar’s triumph is ensured during the last series of rhythmic systematic turns or chakkras which he performs elegantly, however his opponent is left all dizzy. Ghirdhar here is from Varanasi, the birthplace of kathak and the ultimate hindu city and his opponent is from Agra the Mughal capital which is associated with the more popular kathakgharana of lucknow. Thus kathak was used to demonstrate a state of communal tension in the country. This art form was also reduced to mockery when UstadHalimJaffar Khan, who worked on Kohinoor, and other films, with Naushad Ali (Kohinoor’s music director), explains that the singing in this scene was undertaken by Niyaz Ahmad: â€Å"Naushad spoke to him about this scene. He said, ‘Please forgive me Khan-saheb, but for this scene please sing some tans and things, but in a comic way, in a foolish way.’ And Nyaz Ahmad agreed to do that† Even in later films kathak remained as a dance of the prostitutes through movies like umraojaan. And even today when we have become more liberal in our thinking and claim to have crossed these old regressive practices the choreographers still use kathak in a ovie like devdas only for the character of chandramukhi, who plays a prostitute. Also today’s concert stage kathak is more focused of fast, complex, rhythmic footwork and tracing handwork rather than the old ethos of the dance which had its core around freedom, liberalization, unity, storytelling, love and expression of oneself.(Chakravorty, 2006) CONCLUSION A cultural dance form created to unify everybody and give everyone a freedom to expression eventually got used as a tool for playing out caste and gender politics. Whether it was the sufferings of the women or the link of the dance to the Bhakti movement, Kathak has transformed with all these interactions. The various stakeholders of the society have also used this to their convenience as and when required. Initially the Brahmin established their supremacy over this pure and pious form of expression an today they are the ones who have started the movement to label this as a fallen and sinful act. Thus we have seen the journey of nation through one form of dance and the story of Kathak through the nation. Bibliography Booth, G. (2005). Pandits in the Movies: Contesting the Identity of Hindustani Classical Music and Musicians in. Asian Music, Vol. 36, 60-86. Chakravorty, P. (2006). Dancing into Modernity: Multiple Narratives of India’s Kathak Dance. Dance Research Journal, Vol. 38, 115-136. Chatterjee, A. (1996). Training in Indian Classical Dance: A Case Study. Asian Theatre Journal, Vol. 13, 68-91. Coorlawala, U. A. (1992). Illustrating Kathak. Dance Chronicle, Vol. 15, 88-93. Lidke, J. S. (2006). DevÄ «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Dance: The Interweaving of Politics, Mysticism, and Culture in Kathmandu Valley. International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 10, 35-57. Massey, R. (1999). India’s kathak dance, past present, future. Delhi: Abhinav Publications. Pillai, S. (2002). Rethinking Global Indian Dance through Local Eyes. Dance Research Journal, Vol. 34, 14-29. Reed, S. A. (1998). The Politics and Poetics of Dance. Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol 27, 503-532. Royo, A. L. ( 2004). New Directions in Indian Dance. Dance Research Journal, Vol. 36, 135-138. Shah, P. (1998). Transcending Gender in the Performance of Kathak. Dance Research Journal, Vol. 30, 2-17. WALKER, M. (2010). Courtesans and Choreographers: The (Re)Placement of Women in the History of Kathak Dance. New Delhi: Routledge.

12 Angry Men The Film Essay

In reviewing the film 12 Angry Men, I have identified many types of influence tactics being utilized by the jurors. The five tactics that I believe were most used in this film were; reason or rational persuasion, coalition building, ingratiation, inspiration and pressure. Although there were several jurors throughout the film who may have demonstrated similar tactics at various times, it is my opinion that the majority of the influencing throughout the deliberation came from juror #8. I do believe there were other jurors that attempted to influence with the same amount of tenacity, however, their tactics were less affective as proven by the outcome of the deliberation and verdict decided by the jury. As the jury begins their deliberation very early on in the film, a discussion takes place where it becomes apparent some of the jurors are speaking as though it will be a quick one which will result in a guilty verdict. When the first vote takes place and juror #8 is the only one to vote â€Å"not guilty†, he begins to demonstrate some of the influence tactics discussed above. I believe that juror #8 himself demonstrated reasoning, coalition building, ingratiation and inspiration tactics. He reminded the other jurors that he was not necessarily saying that the boy was not guilty, however, he did not believe the evidence was strong enough to take away reasonable doubt that possibly the boy didn’t commit the crime. He insisted that they all review the evidence and discuss it in more detail. He was reasoning with the other jurors and stating a fact about what they should be basing their vote on. It is clear that juror #8 was exhibiting effective rational persuasion by pres enting factual information, making very clear, specific, and relevant points. Reasoning is the most commonly used influence tactic in general as well as the most commonly used tactic in this film. Once juror #8 was able to convince a few of the other jurors to also question the evidence, they started to build a coalition where multiple individuals were now also challenging the guilty verdict and some of the evidence. This may not have necessarily been a conscience decision to form a coalition, as one may see with a typical example such as a union, however, the simple fact that there were now several individuals all aligned on a decision seemed to be enough to allow others to explore additional scenarios and feel  comfortable questioning the evidence. There were also times in the film where juror #8 gave credit to another juror and made him feel like their opinion really mattered. When juror #8 told juror #9 that he had a right to be heard and asked that he explain why he thought the old man would be lying is an example of the ingratiation influence tactic. Although this wasn’t outright flattery as a more pointed example of ingratiation might be, telling someone their voice counts is enough to boost their self-esteem and could result in influencing their decision to side with the person using the ingratiation tactic. Lastly, it seemed apparent that most of the jurors in that room whether they were at a point where they agreed with the not guilty verdict or not, seemed somewhat inspired by juror #8’s willingness to stand alone for what he believed was the right thing to do. Taking a lone stance in the beginning of this deliberation and continuing to question the evidence to induce discussion is something that I believe the other jurors admired. Throughout the film, juror #8 continues to demonstrate leadership characteristics by challenging the status quo and never losing control of his emotions. He never seemed to be taking a stance for any personal reasons, he never demonstrated any prejudice and he came across very authentic. This influence tactic, although not intentional, can be described as inspiration. Juror #3 is the loudest and most adamant juror in favor of a guilty verdict along with juror #10. Juror #3 grows increasingly angry throughout the film as other jurors begin to change their vote from guilty to not guilty. Throughout the film he can be seen using the pressure influence tactic, attempting to strong-arm, threaten and intimidate the others into agreeing with him. He used an aggressive tone and an unnecessary high volume when speaking to the group. This type of tactic may work well in environments such as military basic training, along with a legitimacy tactic, but not amongst peers or in situations where the person doing the pressuring does not possess any real authority or pose any real threat to the group. There were no real consequences for the other jurors to be forced to succumb to juror #3’s pressure tactics. At one point in the discussion, the foreman states, ‘All of this fighting is getting us nowhere’. It is my opinion that this statement couldn’t be further from the truth. For juror #8 to take a jury of 11 men believing the boy is guilty to having every one of those 11 men eventually change their decision based on the discussion he ignited shows that all of the ‘fighting’ or discussion was very necessary and actually did result in a different outcome because of the issues that were brought out during the conflict. In most cases where the stakes are high, discussions are necessary to ensuring that all of the facts are laid out. To demonstrate specific examples of where discussion was impactful to the deliberation, a few key scenes can be sited. One of the first scenes where the audience can see this shown is when juror #8 asks to see the knife that killed the man. During the trial it was stated that this was a rare switchblade and when juror #8 produces a very similar knife that he picked up from a store in the same neighborhood as the father and son, doubt is now starting to settle in with some of the other jurors which then causes them to reconsider their position. Other key scenes where their disagreements resulted in a robust discussion that ultimately swayed juror’s decisions include a re-enactment of the old man getting out of bed to witness the boy running out of the apartment. Without a full on debate, they would have never figured out that this was actually impossible to do in the 15 seconds that the old man said it took. In another scene the jury also discussed the old woman’s testimony that she saw the murder take place through the el train. If they had not gone through this in detail and figured out that she actually wore glasses and couldn’t have seen the assailant very clearly, some jurors would have still been convinced that the only eye witness did in fact see the boy murder his father. These extremely important details were discovered through a robust discussion or conflict and were absolutely pertinent in the ultimate decision to acquit the boy in the murder. Works Cited Edrogen, T. B. (2013). Organizational Behvavior v1.1. Flatworld. Rose, R. (Director). (1957). 12 Angry Men [Motion Picture].

Socially Desirable Merit Goods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Socially Desirable Merit Goods - Essay Example As the paper declares  the government has the responsibility of ensuring implementation of expended schools initiatives and provision of financial support to schools to facilitate smooth learning environment. The government also has the responsibility of providing public schools with recreational facilities and further gives better education opportunities to all children. UK government must ensure that every child gets quality education with a very good start and further helping schools in delivering education strategy. Mainly the government has to ensure that schools have good infrastructure and provides students with better skills.This study discusses that  the government should ensure that education provided to the public is very beneficial, effective and universal to all the learners. The intention of providing education by the government is to equip learners with high level skills that are relevant to the betterment of the economy and instilling skills that are useful in the modern life.  Government should ensure enough funding especially in the universities and colleges due to the importance of graduates in the economic growth. According to OECD report studying for a degree greatly benefits individuals because they earn a lot of money compared to non-graduates.  The report further suggests that the educated individuals were never affected by the economic crisis as it affected the uneducated. The economic crisis and recession was caused by unsuccessfully educated individuals.... According to OECD report studying for a degree greatly benefits individuals because they earn a lot of money compared to non-graduates. University graduates also benefits the governments from the high taxes earned from higher earnings by the graduates. The report further suggests that the educated individuals were never affected by the economic crisis as it affected the uneducated. The economic crisis and recession was caused by unsuccessfully educated individuals. The government should subsidize higher education since university education is important to the UK’s economic recovery because it leads to receipt of high taxes and reduced level of unemployment. All these show the unending benefits of education thus justifying why it cannot be left on the hands of private sector. Educated people get good employment and earn good money compared to uneducated individuals. Learned individuals also acquire knowledge and skills that help them in rational thinking and decision making pro cess thus reducing risks of economic crisis and recession. University education is considered vital in individual’s innovation capability due to the knowledge acquired (McMahon 2009, 180-200). There are several benefits to governments and society that result from studying for a degree such as increased receipt of taxes and social cohesion. University graduates assist individuals in obtaining lucrative jobs thus reducing the level of unemployment in the country. The employed persons will reduce the level of crime in the society because most people are able to economically sustain themselves. Graduates always acquire skills and knowledge that may help them make wonderful innovations that are crucial

Book - The Police in America 8 edition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Book - The Police in America 8 edition - Essay Example Consequently, college-educated law enforcers exhibit less abuse of their authority. On the contrary, they support compliance to the set rules and regulations of police practice. Police abuse authority of authority can take varied forms ranging from brutality, verbal attacks or legal abuse. Legal abuse refers to violation of constitutional rights of citizens, for instance, conducting a search without a warrant (illegal search). Empirical studies offer varied kinds of explanations related to education, which include psychological, sociological and organizational factors (McCoy, 2009). Empirical research depicts police officers to be flexible, adaptive, open-minded, receptive and empathetic. College-educated officers depicted higher intelligence, greater motivation and greater self-esteem. Moreover, they portrayed greater academic excellence, efficiency in police training academy, improved assessments and appraisal ratings. Well-educated officers score high grades in promotional examinations and were accorded more promotions. In terms of behavior on duty, these officers had lower confrontational and absenteeism rates (Steverson, 2008). Moreover, they took less sick-time off, depicted few disciplinary cases, and showed less constant complaints. In terms of service to citizens, college-educated officers recorded fewer cases of police brutality and excessive use of force (Walker, 34). In addition, insignificant portions of the population pressed charges for harassment. In all their duties, college-educated officers received few dismissals, if any. Contrary to less-educated officers who received more disparagement from youths, college educated officers cope well with the youthful generation. Perhaps citizens accord fewer complaints to college-educated officers. Actually, locals are more expressive of pride in services offered by these officers. During operations, college-educated officers

Will China revalue its currencyCauses of devaluation Mechanisms Essay

Will China revalue its currencyCauses of devaluation Mechanisms Implications - Essay Example It follows the laws of the fixed exchange regime where the currency is devalued and revalued at will. For years, China maintained a fixed exchange rate; allowing to appreciate at its will. It has, now and again, manipulated its currency to gain a competitive advantage in the global trade market; and it has allowed China to maintain supreme dominance over the world markets. Nonetheless, the country has been facing immense pressure since a decade to float the currency in the open market and allow the currency to appreciate to a free rate. China did allow appreciation for a while, but at a gradual pace with interruptions. (Murphy 2009) The world continues to ask: will China revalue its currency? The essay will provide justifications for both sides; it will provide the reasons behind the devaluation, the mechanisms used as well as implications on an undervalued Yuan. The essay will end with a strong conclusion followed by recommendations. At present, economists believe that the Chinese c urrency is still undervalued by 15 to 20 percent. They opine that the revaluation will benefit the global economies and help reduce the increasing trade deficits. However, the Chinese politicians believe that the revaluation will hurt their economy and growth; as well as their political control. (Johnson 2013) Causes of Devaluation In the domestic sphere, analysts, in the Chinese circle, believe that revaluation will make their exports expensive compared to today. This consequential drop in Chinese exports will lead to several immediate factory shutdowns; while many others will shift to the low wage economies such as Vietnam and Sri Lanka. (Johnson 2010) This will upset the economy as a whole especially the working class. The resulting unemployed from the layoffs and shutdowns in the remote areas will not easily be absorbed into the economy. This will create anti government sentiments and result in isolated mass incidents around China. (Johnson 2010) â€Å"Any significant appreciat ion of the renminbi will erode China’s export competitiveness overnight and impact the livelihood of tens of millions of workers1,† states an editor at China Daily media agency. Likewise, Chinese politicians strongly believe that the currency reforms, pushed by the US and other global powers, are only means to slowdown its economy and contain growing Chinese power. These politicians refer to similar US policies towards Japan in 1980s. Japan stills reels from the effects of the real estate bubble burst caused by the forced US policies. Therefore, the Chinese are eager not to repeat the same episode. (Lee 2010) (Murphy 2009) Similarly, China thinks alike all the economic powers of the world. It first thinks about the domestic affairs especially employment figures before working towards rebalancing of the macroeconomic indicators around the world. In the aftermath of the financial crisis 2008, the Chinese lost 20 to 40 million jobs related to the export oriented industries . This forced Chinese to put an to the revaluation thoughts for some time. (Lee 2010) A research conducted by the Chinese authorities on the streets showed that a percent appreciation in the value of Yuan will lead to a percent decline in the tiny profit margins of the small export oriented companies. Economists opine that an undervalue Yuan is critical for sustaining the Chinese growth; therefore, all the intimidating by the world leaders will not change the Chinese policy. Revaluation will benefit China in the Long Run Other economists believe that the revaluation of Yuan will benefit China in the long run. It will do more good than harm. Economists know that, at present, the Chinese economy is heavily depending on exports and fixed investment; and not on the local consumption. It must revalue its