Neftalí Ricardo Reyes Basoalto, Famously Known As Pablo

Neftalà ­ Ricardo Reyes Basoalto, famously known as Pablo Neruda, is a remarkable Chilean poet born on July 12, 1904. He grew up in Temuco which is located in southern Chile. â€Å"Neruda is the most renowned poet of modern Latin American literature and one of the major poets of the twentieth century. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1971† (McDuffie). â€Å"Numerous critics have praised Neruda as the greatest poet writing in the Spanish language during his lifetime† (â€Å"Pablo Neruda†). Pablo Neruda worked to show the social injustices happening in his country. In addition to this, Neruda’s poetry is difficult to understand because of his use of language, and although his works have been translated to English, one will never thoroughly†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, Neruda wanted to show the people from his country how they should view themselves and be content: â€Å"He spoke to them of their mountains and trees, of their r ivers and nocturnal flowers† (Garcia XI).It is obvious that their country is filled of beautiful features and they should to be proud. Ultimately, in Neruda Chileans had someone who whom they could identify with above the distinctive lives they all lived. It’s easier to relate to someone who has been through similar things as you specially coming from the same country because you are able to connect with them on a different level. Between 1927 and 1935, â€Å"the government put Pablo Neruda in charge of a number of honorary consulships, which took him to Burma, Ceylon, Java, Singapore, Buenos Aires, Barcelona, and Madrid† (â€Å"Pablo Neruda - Biographical†). During this time he began writing, Residencia en la Tierra, which contain several poems. These poems seem unrealistic because they give a sense of fantasy. One of them being â€Å"CABALLO DE LOS SUEÑOS,† this particular piece is about a unicorns and rainbows and how he travels to a differen t dimension. One may lose themselves in this type of poetry because we may want to be reminded of our childhood, a time where we believed things were real but in actuality were part of our imagination. Neruda was a communist who wanted to represent his country,

Health Care System of United States Free Essays

Today†s health care system is in a constant state of fluctuation and commotion. It is sometimes difficult for the health care consumer to identify a valuable resource when they need one. The purpose of this paper is to explore one of the many health care resources that are available in the greater Philadelphia area and then visit this site to learn more about it. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Care System of United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now Philadelphia, in itself is an outstanding resource to the people of the area. In terms of healthcare resource implications this is true. There are numerous teaching hospitals, museums, clinics, and educational centers in this region. I choose to learn more about Planned Parenthood, a well-known organization in this area as well as nationally. Upon entering the clinic I knew very little about Planned Parenthood. It turned out that what I knew was only a fraction of what Planned Parenthood is really all about. According to the chairperson and president of PP, young people rely on Planned Parenthood to be truthful, confidential and non-judgmental. Women and men are grateful that it is an affordable resource, accessible to all, and respectful of all persons† decisions. Patients fell safe there because they provide safe medical care by trained professionals. Parents can feel a sense of ease because they know that their children are learning correct and valuable information concerning sex. Both donors and investors can feel confident that their gifts are an investment in the health and well being of the men, women, and children in their community. This paper will relay the information received from the site visit to Planned Parenthood in Media, Pennsylvania. It will discuss the mission, services, and financial aspects of Planned Parenthood. Mission Statement. The mission of Planned Parenthood Southeastern Pennsylvania (PPSP) is to protect and enhance reproductive freedom, to increase access to reproductive health care services and information, and to promote sexual health. This mission provides the foundation of PPSP†s services and programs that they offer to the approximately 43,000 men, women, and children of the Delaware Valley. Planned Parenthood was found by a registered nurse named Margaret Sanger in the early 1900†³s. Her belief and reason for founding PP was this, â€Å"†¦ he first right of a child (is) to be wanted, to be desired, to be planned for with an intensity of love†¦ † (Planned Parenthood, 1999). Sanger was tired of watching women young and old die from complications of pregnancies due to lack of education and health care and was tired of seeing unwanted pregnancies carried to term because women did not know their options. Her goal was to both educate and provide for these women the reproductive services that were necessary for what she called reproductive freedom. Benefits of Planned Parenthood Planned Parenthood provides numerous programs and services to the people of Southeastern Pennsylvania. I spoke with a woman named Megan (no last name was provided). She informed me of these services and programs, and helped me to gain a better understanding of what PP really is and does. Health Services. Planned Parenthood provides their services to women as well as men- it is a resource to be utilized by all. It is a common misconception that PP is for women only. They offer reproductive health care for men, women, and teens. They supply every FDA approved method of reversible birth control. These include natural family planning methods, Norplant, Depo-Provera, Birth control Pill, IUD (intrauterine device), condoms, Diaphragm, and cervical caps. Something that they offer is emergency contraception or the â€Å"morning after pill. † It decreases the likelihood of becoming pregnant even after the conception, because it decreases the healthy nature of the uterine wall. It is only effective within seventy-two hours following conception. They also offer walk-in pregnancy testing, options counseling and referrals to abortion clinics and adoption agencies. In the Media office, there are three nurse practitioners on staff who provide complete gynecological examinations including Pap tests. There is a physician who is affiliated with their office; he comes in at least twice a month or upon appointment to review all cases. The NP†s provide breast health checks and teach breast self-examinations. Mid-life services are provided for menopausal women as well hormone replacement therapy. Testing and treatment of sexually transmitted infections for men and women and confidential and anonymous HIV/AIDS testing are available as well. Planned Parenthood does perform first trimester abortions. They also offer a number of other health services such as cholesterol and blood pressure screening. Educational services. PPSP offers educational programs to pre-teens, teens, parents, and caregivers on topics of human sexuality, including health care, family planning, relationships, and HIV/Aids. There are teen peer education groups as well as Latino community workshops provided by bilingual/ bicultural educators. PPSP provides a complete resource center (bookstore and library) which provides a collection of literature on reproduction health care, sexuality, etc. Advocacy. PPSP urges political action for families/ planning and other reproductive health issues by participating in Lobby Days in Harrisburg and Washington. They are also involved in letter writing campaigns and news alerts to inform and motivate the public to become more involved in reproductive health care issues. Costs. All of the above listed services are available to all who enter the clinic at a small fee. The exception is made in the case of children who are thirteen to seventeen; their services and birth control pills are offered at no charge. In all other cases the fees for these products and services are quite low; for example, a routine gynecological examination examinations cost about thirty dollars. PP accepts most insurance plans and Medicaid, including Keystone HMO, PA Blue Cross- Blue Shield, and Personal Choice. They accept US Healthcare for surgical procedures only. Funding Revenue. From July 1, 1996 to June 30, 1007, Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania brought in nearly six million dollars ($5,915,000) in revenue. This included nearly $2. 5 million from patient health and surgical services, 1. million from government grants and medical assistance. Funding Expenditures. In this same fiscal year, Planned Parenthood†s total expenses (5,936,000) were in excess of their revenue by twenty-one thousand dollars. They spent about tree million dollars for patient health services and one million on surgical procedures. Over one quarter of a million was spent towards public information and advocacy. And over half a million was spent on education and training. Other funds were spent for special events, fund raising, and administration. At the end of the fiscal report there are ten pages which list the names of those who have made contributions to Planned Parenthood. These donations range from $25,000 or more to $100. PP relies on the contributions of individuals, foundations, and corporations to support their operations and activities in Southeastern PA. All contributions made to PP are tax deductible (Annual Report). I learned a tremendous amount from visiting Planned Parenthood. All of the ideas that I entered the clinic with were quickly proven wrong and limited by the woman that I interviewed. PP is a valuable resource to all women, men, and teens that are interested in maintaining or improving their reproductive health, reproductive education, or their general health. This is a resource that does not receive the publicity or recognition that it deserves. Hopefully the public is aware of what an asset Planned Parenthood is and how much they offer- more than I did before this project. We in Southeastern Pennsylvania are lucky to have PP to turn to for educational and health care needs. How to cite Health Care System of United States, Papers

Plasmodium free essay sample

Trophozoite is surrounded by double layered plasma lemma. Cytoplasm contains Palade’s granules, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, mitochondria, vesicles and vacuoles having haemozoin. Cytoplasm contains nucleus having nucleolus and granular nucleoplasm. Life Cycle of  Plasmodium  vivax Hosts:- Plasmodium completes its lifecycle in two hosts (digenetic): Man and female Anopheles mosquito. 1. Primary or definitive host: Female Anopheles mosquito is the primary host of Plasmodium in which it completes its sexual life cycle. 2. Secondary or Intermediate host: Man is the secondary host of plasmodium in which it completes its asexual life cycle. The lifecycle of Plasmodium can be divided into three phases: 1. Asexual sehizogony 2. Sexual gamogony 3. Asexual sporogony ASEXUAL CYCLE OF Plasmodium, IN MAN Infective form of Plasmodium is known as sporozoites. Sporozoites are 11-12 µ long slender, uni-nucleated. Sickle-shaped structure present in the salivary glands of infected mosquito. When an infected female Anopheles mosquito bites a healthy man, a large number of sporozoites enter into the blood stream of man. Within half an hour, sporozoites enter the liver cells and undergo asexual multiplication called schizogony. 1. Asexual Schizogony:- Schizogony is the asexual phase of reproduction of Plasmodium. It takes place in liver cells and RBC’s of man. Schizogony can be divided into following phases: a) Pre-erythrocytic schizogony b) Exo-erythrocytic schizogony c) Erythrocytic schizogony d) Post- erythrocytic schizogony a. Pre-erythrocytic schizogony: In the liver cells, sporozoites grow to form a large and spherical schizont. Schizont divides by multiple fission and forms a large number of cryptozoites. They may either pass into the blood circulation to start erythrocytic schizogony or enter fresh liver cells to start Exo-erythrocytic schizogony. Pre-erythrocytic schizogony takes 8 days to complete. b. Exo-erythrocytic schizogony: After re-entering fresh liver cell each cryptozoites divides to form a large number of metacryptozoites similar to pre-erythrocytic schizogony. Meta-cryptozoites are two types: Smaller micro-metacryptozoites and larger macro-metacryptozoites. The micro-metacryptozoites enter the RBC’s to start erythrocytic schizogony, while the macro-metacryptozoites invade fresh liver cells to continue exo-erythrocytic schizogony. It takes normally 4 days to complete. c. Erythrocytic schizogony:- As stated above, the erythrocytic schizogony begins when the RBC’s of blood are attacked either by pre-erythrocytic cryptozoites or by exo-erythrocytic micro-metacryptozoites. It takes normally in 8 to 12 days after above 2 phases. Stages of erythrocytic schizogony are: i. Trophozoite Stage:- The merozoites (cryptozoites and micro- metacryptozoites) after entering into the blood stream, feed on erythrocytes, become rounded and modify into trophozoite. ii. Signet Ring Stage:- As the merozoites grow a vacuole appears in the center and the nucleus is pushed to one side. It gives a ring like appearance and known as signet ring stage. The parasite ingests haemoglobin and decomposes it into protein and haematin. Protein is use as food whereas unused haematin forms toxic. Yellowish brown malarial pigment, haemozoin. iii. Amoeboid Stage: As the signet ring parasite grows, vacuole disappears and the parasite becomes amoeboid in appearance, thrusting out pseudopodial processes. This stage is called amoeboid stage. At this stage RBC develops numerous granules, the Schuffner’s granules. iv. Schizont Stage:- Parasite grows in size, becomes rounded and almost completely fills the RBC called Schizont. . Rosette Stage:- The nucleus of schizont divides by multiple fission to form 6 to 24 daughter nuclei. These nuclei arrange at the periphery, while the toxic haemozoin granules accumulate at the center of RBC. It appears as a flower rose, so called rosette stage. Nuclei of rosette stage are surrounded by a little cytoplasm and are develop into merozoites. With the rupture of the RBC, these merozoites are liberated into the blood plasma along with toxic haemozoin. These normally attack fresh RBC’s to repeat the erythrocytic cycle or may change into gametocytes. One complete erythrocytic cycle takes 48 hours in Plasmodium vivax. d. Post-erythrocytic schizogony:- Sometimes, some merozoites produced in erythrocytic schizogony reach the liver cells and undergo schizogony development in liver cells. This is called post-erythrocytic schizogony. SEXUAL CYCLE OF Plasmodium in MAN 2. Sexual Gamogony:- Formulation of gametocytes: After many generations in about 4-5 is the blood some merozoites increase in size to form two types of gametocytes; larger macro (9-10 µ), less numerous and contain large nucleus. Macro gametocytes are larger (10-12 µ), more numerous and contain smaller nucleus. SEXUAL CYCLE OF Plasmodium IN MOSQUITO When a female Anopheles sucks the blood of a malaria patient, the gametocytes reach the stomach of mosquito and formation of gametes take palace as follows: a. Gametogenesis (gemetogony) : Process of formulation of gametes (male and female gametes). i. Formulation of male gametes: The nucleus of microgametocyte divides to form 6-8 daughter nuclei. The cytoplasm gives out same number of flagella like projections and daughter nuclei enter in each projection. These projections separate from the cytoplasm and form 6-8 haploid microgamete or male gametes. This process of formation of microgamete is called exflagellation. ii. Formation of female gamete:- The mega gametocyte undergoes some reorganization to form a single haploid mega gamete or female gamete which is ready for fertilization. b. Fertilization: The male gamete enters the female gamete through the fertilization cone formed at female gamete and form diploid zygote or synkaryon. Fusion is anisogamous. c. Ookinete stage: The zygote remains inactive for sometimes and then elongates into a worm like Ookinete or vermicule, which is motile. The Ookinete penetrates the stomach wall and comes to lie below its outer epithelial layer. d. Oocyst stage: The Ookinete gets enclosed in a cyst. The encysted zygote is called Oocyst. The Oocyst absorbs nourishment and grows in size. 3. Asexual Sporogony The nucleus of Oocyst divides repeatedly to form a large number of haploid daughter nuclei. At the same time, the cytoplasm develops vacuoles and gives numerous cytoplasmic masses. The daughter nuclei pass into each cytoplasmic mass and develop into slender sickle-shaped sporozoites are formed in each Oocyst. This phase of asexual multiplication is known as sporogony. Lastly, the Oocyet brusts and sporozoites are liberated into the haemolymph of the mosquito. They spread throughout the haemolymph and eventually reach the salivary glands and enter the duct of the hypopharyx. The mosquito is now becomes infective and sporozoites get inoculated or injected the human blood when the mosquito bites. The cycle is repeated. In mosquito whole sexual cycle is completed in 10-12 days. Incubation period: The period between infection and the appearance of first symptoms is called incubation period. It is about 10-14 days in Plasmodium vivax. Pre-patent period: The duration between the initial sporozoites infection and the first appearance of parasites in the blood is called as pre-patent period. It takes about 8 days in Plasmodium vivax. Symptoms of malaria †¢ Mouth becomes dry, nausea and loss of appetite †¢ Headache, muscular pain and joint pain †¢ Chill, fever (106 ° F) and sweating all every 48 hours. †¢ Chill to sweating lasts for 8-10 hours. Liver and spleen become enlarged. †¢ Due to loss of RBC’s anaemia is caused. Control of malaria Malaria can be controlled by three ways 1. Destruction of vector 2. Prevention of infection(prophylaxis) 3. Treatment of patient 4. Public awareness 1. Destruction of vector (Anopheles mosquito) †¢ Mosquito can be killed by spraying DDT, BHC, Dieldrin, Malathion etc. †¢ Filling up ditc hes, gutters and pits where the mosquito breeds. †¢ Water surface can be poisoned by spreading kerosene oil, petroleum etc. †¢ A speedly flow of water prevents the mosquito larva and pupa flourishing. Biological control: Certain fishes (trouts, minnows, stickle back), ducks, dragon flies etc feed on larva and pupa of mosquito. 2. Prevention of infection (Prophylaxis) †¢ Use of mosquito nets. †¢ Screening doors, windows and ventilators. †¢ Using mosquito repellent creams (e. g. odomus), anti mosquito mat (e. g. Supermat) etc. 3. Treatment of patient: There are several drugs that kill different stages of parasite in patient. The oldest drug is Quinine; Paludrine kills almost all stages of parasite. Daraprism (single dose of 25 mg) is the most effective drug. Write short note on Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium falciparum causes malignant tertian type of malaria. Fever reccurs every second or third day, that is, after 36 to 48 hours. Death rate is very high because the infected red blood corpuscles tend to clump into masses, thus blocking up small blood vessels of internal organs, such as brain, spleen, lungs, etc. It is also known as the tropical epidemic malaria of man. Exo-erythrocytic schizogony is absent in P. falciparum. Read more:  http://www. hsebguides. com/2012/04/plasmodium-vivax-malarial-parasite. html#ixzz2G57xlaK6

The Role of Human Resources in Enhancing Innovation in Tourism free essay sample

This paper delves deeper into innovation in the Hospitality industry and how managerial traits and training sessions for employees affect innovation. Innovation is an important part of all industrial sectors ,may it be hospitality or tourism or any other industry. Innovation is necessary to keep up with the world and other sectors and consumers that are on a constant path of progress and development may it be a technological innovation or a policy innovation. The information for this study has been collected via personal interviews where the hotel managers of 1 586 establishments from the Baldric islands were given a specifically designed questionnaire. A primary search with this questionnaire was carried on in 2001 ,later using the results of the 2001 questionnaire three other versions of the same questionnaire were introduced by adding some more questions into the questionnaire and were given out in the summers of 2004 , 2007 and 2010. The result of the research showed that managerial characteristics and internal training sessions have constructive impact on innovation in hospitality sector,and also addresses the question of ownership of a hospitality establishment which also has an optimistic impact on innovation ND innovative decision making process as it is owned by a family or a person decisions pertaining to the establishment can be made swiftly. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Human Resources in Enhancing Innovation in Tourism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However research also shows that experience factor in managerial characteristics has a pessimistic impact on innovation. Evaluation This research study carried on in the Baldric islands on managers of 1 586 hospitality establishments in Baldric islands has finally emphasized on how important innovation is as it is in many other industries. Innovation is being the change or adapting to the change thats happened already, the study aptly displays what are the constructive factors for innovation in the hospitality sector, also contrary to popular belief if a manager is highly experienced ,the manager does not keep an open mind towards innovation but would rather believe in themselves. Another variable of importance is the education variable ,the educational qualification of the manager of the establishment has a lot to do with the managers dealings with the staff and also innovation -However the education variable may have a tiny role to play when it comes to innovation decisions. Also another aspect that has been inspected in this study is the ownership of a hotel which is shown to have a constructive effect on innovation. Ownership of an establishment has positive effect on innovation and innovation decision making since the establishment is owned by a family and decisions related to the establishment can be made more swiftly. There are other factors internal and external other than the ones pointed out in this study that encourage innovation as pointed out by Lopez et al (2011) However the research has only focused on the factors that internally affect and give rise to innovation, in this study internal training sessions for employees were the focus. There are other external factors that have constructive effect on innovation as pointed out by Knives (2015) . This research that was carried out in the Baldric islands on the managers of 1586 establishments cannot be applied to other hospitality establishments elsewhere in the world because the sample is from a specific geographic region and results from one region cannot be uniformly applied to establishments in other regions. Conclusion This research though it sheds light on important aspects of how the hospitality industry can be more innovative but more importantly emphasizes the major factors that lead to innovation. This study one major flaw is that the outcome of this research cannot be generalized to other hospitality establishments around the world because the results only hold if it is applied to the establishments in the Baldric islands. Also more research needs to be done on factors other than the managerial traits and other internal and external sources that encourage innovation.

Communism and the Chinese Civil War essays

Communism and the Chinese Civil War essays China was at hardship during the period of 1911-1949. In 1911 there was the start of the Communist Revolution, and then the Chinese with the Americans help had to fight off Japan which continued into World War II. Finally, after the Japanese had surrendered the Civil War began in China. The Civil War was one of the most violent acts in Chinese history; it lasted for four long, brutal years between 1945-1949. The outcome and impacts of the Civil War would change China forever. My main focus is on the impacts the Civil War had on foreign countries, who was involved, why it happened, and what was the outcome of the Civil War. After World War II and the surrender of Japan, another long and brutal war-ravaged over China. The Civil War, which took place from 1945-1949, was a devastating war between the Nationalists, who were led by Chiang Kai-Shek and the Communists who had many great leaders. For example, Mao Zedong who helped establish the Communist capital of Shih-Chia -Chuang which was a huge railroad center and ChenYi and Liu Bocheng who helped cut the Nationalists by destroying the protected outposts along the Lung-Hai and the Ping-Han lines which led to many other isolated cities. The roots of the conflict between the Communists and the Nationalists go back all the way to the 1920's. Their basic differences were over the formal agreement to cooperate in the war against Japan. In the end, the Communists were victorious by gaining the people's enthusiastic support. Chang resigned and fled to Taiwan which was the only territory the Red Army did not occupy. The Civil War involved the Nationalists and the Communists in a dispute over land and who would rule China. The Civil War also involved the United States of America and its many acts to intervene with peace talks. The first of many peace talks was in 1945 when the United States sent George C. Marshall to China to mediate the hostilities between the Nationalist ...

American Dream in Great Gatsby

The Idea that Pervades Society The American dream is the longing of success that means a happy family and equal opportunity to go from rags to riches, through hard work. This idea is scene in a lot of places. On the picture by Margaret White, the poster proclaims: World’s Highest Standard of Living-There is no way like the American Way†. Or the headline of the newspaper story is â€Å"The American Dream, the subtitle is Doing Well by Doing Good. † Examples of the American dream are almost invisible when looking at average Americans. In the photograph, there are hungry people carrying buckets. None of them are white and none of them look remotely happy in front of the camera. This shows how not everyone can live the American Dream especially if they are barely getting by. Immigrants also failed to reach the American dream for reasons like not being able to speak English and lack of resources. Having a happy family is not easy either. There is lots of conflict at home over the dinner table and no time for American adults to have fun once they have kids. It is unrealistic to expect fun when there is housework, bills to pay, and more. Although it sounds good, it is a negative force in our society because it is just too good to be true. The American dream means equal opportunity to go from rags to riches. Sometimes, aggression may be necessary to get this â€Å"equal opportunity† due to circumstance. â€Å"At the time, most southern blacks could not share a water fountain, a beach, a bus seat, a school room, or a voting booth with southern whites. † (Moser, and Watters) This barrier to civil rights meant that many were considered inferior and could not succeed because they were separate from the average American. This shows that the American dream is unrealistic for blacks. Langston Hughes states how America should be a land â€Å"where Liberty is crowned with no false patriotic wreath, But opportunity is real, and life is free, Equality is in the air we breathe. †(Hughes) However, he later asserts that â€Å"America never was America to me, And I swear this oath-America will be! † (Hughes) This reiterates how this equal opportunity will be there in the future. Thus, showing how the American dream is currently unrealistic for them. Immigrants who were not American tried to go from rags to riches as well. â€Å"Education was free. That subject my father had written about repeatedly, as comprising his chief hope for us children, the essence of American opportunity, the treasure that no thief could touch, not even misfortune or poverty. † (Antin) This shows his belief in the equal opportunity in America. In the end, many of this people did not fully realize the dream and may have ended up in a worse financial situation than before. The Antin’s wound up losing everything after the storm on Crescent Beach. They could not achieve the success that the American dream entitled. Her father was â€Å"master of no art, of no trade; that even his precious learning was no avail, because he had only the most antiquated methods of communicating it. † (Antin) They did not expect this would matter but being immigrants put them at a disadvantage. It is clearly not achievable for the poorer Americans and immigrants who probably worked very hard but live in an oppressive society that values background over hard work. You need to be a white American gentleman to succeed like Tom who lives in East Egg. The American dream means a happy family with a nice house and all the amenities of civilization. However, how can a family be happy when there is so much work to be done at home? â€Å"A good home life for a family of four took about 60 hours of nurturing work per week in 1982. That work may have been more physically arduous in the past, but never more complex than now. † (Hayden) Today, it’s nowhere near that amount but it is still quite a load. On top of that, people are picky meaning that â€Å"part of homemaking involved seeing that each family member’s myriad personal needs are fully met. For example, â€Å"Home cooking requires meals prepared to suit the personal likes and dislikes of family members.(Hayden) How can the American dream be achieved when you worry so much about homemaking? The idea of a happy family ceases to exist because of this. Even rich people with all the amenities like the laundry machine, dishwashers, refrigerators, and stoves still have a lot to worry about. Rich people still need to worry though about their kid’s educat ion and choose to private school their kids. However, â€Å"this puts more pressure on families, cutting them off from the diversity and connectedness of the proverbial village. Poorer families without the same resources to send their children to school worry even more about this. There are exorbitant rates for the top state universities and federal aid is hard to come by. The journal of health and Social behavior published her findings that â€Å"adults with children experience depression and unhappiness in greater numbers. Our expectations that children guarantee a life filled with happiness, joy, excitement, contentment, satisfaction, and pride are an additional source of stress for all parents. This shows that happiness is hard to achieve and many are dissatisfied because of the times when they have housework to do. A lot of the times, Mother’s in their sphere do not have many people to talk to except for other women. â€Å"Or it may come from husbands and children who finally notice when their wives and mothers break down. † (Hayden) For example, Daisy in the Great Gatsby had a hard time dealing with Tom, who had a bad temper. â€Å"You did it, Tom, she said accusingly. I know you didn’t mean to but you did do it. That’s what I get for marrying a brute of a man, a great big hulking physical specimen. † (Fitzgerald 16) During this incident, Tom intentionally broke Daisy’s finger for no reason. Daisy was very upset about having to put up with this. This shows how not everyone is happy all the time. Later on at the end, Daisy was so upset about Tom’s mistress and almost left Tom for Gatsby. She states, â€Å"Why, -how could I love him-possibly? † (Fitzgerald 139) This is in response to Gatsby telling her to state that she never loved him. In this case, â€Å"him† refers to Tom, who now desperately wants her back. Even if a family is wealthy or poor, there is so much going on at home that people are likely to be unhappy. Although it sounds good, there are lots of problems in life preventing the American Dream from happening. Every day, there is housework, kids to take care of, and bills to pay. This makes home life frenetic all the time. Unless you can afford a housekeeper and somehow have a perfectly content family, you should not wish for the American Dream. The American dream is the longing of success that means a happy family and equal opportunity to go from rags to riches through hard work. A lot of people decided to immigrate here in pursuit of this dream. Many of them were disappointed when it ended in failure although they worked hard. The American dream was simply out of their reach like with Mary Antin’s father. Therefore, the American Dream has a negative impact on our society because of its false promises that cannot be achieved by the overwhelming majority. So until you can guarantee equal opportunity, limited house work, and no home conflict the American dream will cease to exist.

Hurricanes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hurricanes - Essay Example The paper explores hurricanes centering on the formation and characteristics of the hurricanes. A hurricane assembles energy as it progress across the ocean water, drawing up warm, moist tropical air from the surface and supplying breezy air aloft. The Coriolis force is essential in the creation  of a hurricane  although the force becomes weak near the equator. Thus, hurricanes can never form at the equator. Hurricanes typically haves an average diameter of about 500 km (311 miles) with strong winds  spiraling inward and upward at speeds that range from 75 to 200 mph (Ahrens, 2007). Hurricanes usually start as tropical disturbances in warm ocean waters with surface waters temperatures reaching at least 80 degrees Fahrenheit (26.5 degrees) or warmer. The low pressure systems  derive energy flowing from the warm seas. A hurricane usually starts as a tropical wave before it becomes a tropical disturbance. In the event that a storm attains wind speeds of about 38 miles (61 kilometers or less) an hour, the storm is otherwise referred to as a tropical depression. A tropical depression is known as tropical storm when it sustains wind speeds of about 39 miles to 73 mph (63 kilometers) an hour. If a tropical storm reaches sustained wind speeds of about 74 miles or more (199 kilometers) an hour, it becomes a hurricane and gains a category rating of 1 to 5 based on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. Hurricanes represent massive heat engines that generate energy at an immense scale. Hurricanes usually derive heat from warm, moist ocean air and release it via condensation of water vapor in thunderstorms. Hurricanes rotate around a low-pressure centre known as the â€Å"eye,† exemplified by light winds and fair weather. The â€Å"eye† emanates from sinking air at the centre. Hurricanes mainly spiral in a counter-clockwise direction  with the

Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Memo - Essay Example By emptying our own trash in the large dumpsters at the basement, the business division will be able to reduce its operating cost arising from trash emptying service offered by the janitors, who charge the division an extra cost for this service. There will also be a reduction in operating cost since the trash emptying service offered by janitors contribute to high electricity cost since they perform this task during night shifts when faculty members are off duty. Secondly, by emptying our own trash there will be an increase in recycling since we are more likely to be keen on sorting between recyclables and non-recyclables than the janitors. This will instill positive feeling within ourselves, as we will be taking an active role in environmental conservation. Thirdly, when we are mandated to dump our own trash, the amount of waste is likely to decline since we will be keen on ensuring that we make fewer visits to the large dumpsters at the basement. Consequently, having less waste will also reduce cost within the division, since less trashcan liners will be purchased. With reference to the writings by Perkins and Brizee (2010), I was able to structure the memo appropriately and acknowledge the fact that mentioning the facts in summary form will be more effective in connecting the readers with the message of the memo. Using the ideas spelt out by Bowman (2002) in his writings, where he stated that when trying to persuade readers it is critical to inform them on the benefits they will get from willing implementing what the writer suggests. Thus, I focused on ensuring that my memo is very persuasive by listing five different advantages or benefits that faculty members will experience if they willingly dump their own trash in the large dumpsters at the

Output Device Essay Example for Free

Output Device Essay What are OUTPUT DEVICES? Output devices are hardware devices that display or present information to the user or other people. The monitor, printer and the speaker are one of the examples. PRINTER It is a computer device that produces a permanent copy on paper of information from the computer. There are several kinds of printers: ink jet, dot-matrix and laser jet printers. DOT MATRIX PRINTER Prints by hammering or striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against a paper. The advantage of this kind of printer is that it can easily create carbon copies because of the impact action of the printing process. The cost per page of printing is relatively cheap. INK JET PRINTER The ink comes form a cartridge of liquid ink and this printer is simply black and white or in full color. LASER JET PRINTER It produces high quality prints or graphics on paper. Color and black and white printing is available. It is based on the principle of electrostatic printing and photography wherein the source of ink is a toner. PLOTTER It comes in 2 types: pen plotter and electrostatic. Pen plotter is a vector graphics printing device which operates by moving a pen over the surface of paper. It is usually used for large printing requirements of CAD drawings of houses, buildings, cars, airplanes and others. It is also used for vinyl and plastic used for billions and posters. THERMAL PRINTERS Produce prints on thermal paper by selective heating wherein heated areas turn black creating an image. It is mostly used in groceries and department stores. They print faster and quieter than dot matrix. HEADPHONE It is a small speaker with a way to hold them close to the ears of the user. The headphone allows the user to listen music and sounds all alone. DATA PROJECTOR It displays computer information on big screen so that many will able to see the show.

Analysis of The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe :: essays research papers

?The Raven? by Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe?s ?The Raven? is a dark reflection on lost love, death, and loss of hope. The poem examines the emotions of a young man who has lost his lover to death and who tries unsuccessfully to distract himself from his sadness through books. Books, however, prove to be of little help, as his night becomes a nightmare and his solitude is shattered by a single visitor, the raven. Through this poem, Poe uses symbolism, imagery and tone, as well as a variety of poetic elements to enforce his theme of sadness and death of the one he loves. Within the poem Poe divides the characters and imagery into two conflicting aspects of light and dark. Almost everything in the poem reflects one world or the other. For example, Lenore, who is repeatedly described as ?radiant? epitomizes the world of light along with the angels she has joined. Another image of light would be the lamplight the character uses to light his chamber, his refuge from the darkness of the outside. However, The Raven, as well as the dreary December night shows signs of darkness. These images of light and darkness go even further to represent life and death, the man?s hope of an afterlife with Lenore and his fear of everlasting loneliness. The poem consists of an undeniable narrative structure. Told from the third person, Poe also uses symbolism to create a strong melancholy tone. For instance, both midnight and December symbolize an end of something and the hope of something new to happen. Another example is the chamber in which the narrator is placed, this is used to show the loneliness of the man. Along with imagery and symbolism, Poe incorporates many poetic elements to express his feeling. These include assonance, alliteration, and rhyme. Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. For example ?For the race and radiant maiden, whom the angels name Lenore.? This repeats the vowel sound of ?a?. Poe also used a lot of alliteration. For example, ?Doubting dreaming dreams no mortal level, dared to dream before?. Notice the repetition of the ?d? sound. One last element used in ?The Raven? is rhyme.

Global warming: a human impact Essay

According to Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, global warming was discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824 and investigated quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896 and is stated as the warming of planet’s surface due to â€Å"emission of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases. † Thus global warming can be described as an increase in average temperature of the earth’s surface air and oceans in recent times and its predicted continuation. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted a rise in temperatures by 1. 1 to 6. 4 ° C i. e. , 2. 0 to 11. 5 ° F between 1990 and 2100. The global average atmospheric temperatures near the earth’s surface rose from 0. 74  ± 0. 18 ° C i. e. , 1. 3  ± 0. 32 ° F in the last century. The general scientific opinion prevailing on the climatic change is that â€Å"most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. † Certain human activities such as burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and agricultural activities result in release of green house gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. Natural phenomenon such as solar temperature variations and volcanoes too had an impact on global warming. This rise in global temperatures has serious implications such as rise in sea levels, changes in pattern of precipitation thus leading to droughts, floods, heat waves, hurricanes, tornadoes and ice shelf disruption such as the Larsen Ice Shelf. Other implications could be variations in agricultural yields, glacier retreat, reduction in summer stream flows, extinction of species and increase in the range of disease vectors. Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) stated that global warming could also lead to â€Å"deadly heat waves and spread of disease. † Extreme heat waves in 2003 caused more than 20,000 deaths in Europe and over 1500 deaths in India. Dengue fever virus carrying mosquitoes survived previously at an altitude of 3,300 feet but recently they were found at 7,200 feet in Andes Mountains of Colombia, similarly malaria was detected at higher altitudes in Indonesia. Disease-carrying mosquitoes are spreading as climate shifts allow them to survive in formerly inhospitable areas. Mosquitoes that can carry dengue fever viruses were previously limited to elevations of 3,300 feet but recently appeared at 7,200 feet in the Andes Mountains of Colombia. Malaria has been detected in new higher-elevation areas in Indonesia. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia stated that more than 160countries signed the Kyoto Protocol an international agreement to combat global warming. The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the countries ratifying this protocol are committed to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and five other green house gases. Developing countries such as China and India which rank second and third largest CO2 behind the US are exempted from meeting the emission standards in this protocol. Increase in CO2 leads to its dissolution in ocean water and forming carbonic acid resulting into ocean acidification meaning a change in pH of ocean waters and consequently a total change in the eco-balance leading to disappearance to certain species of living forms in the ocean. According to the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), simple measures such as usage of renewable sources of energy like sunlight, wind, wave energy and replacement of decade old coal burning power plants with cleaner and efficient ones would curb the global pollution and help in reducing carbon dioxide pollution positively. Concluding the paper I would like to state that sincere efforts are required to made by the governments in countries like the US, China, India and Japan to minimize pollution with the help of governmental and non-governmental organizations for a better life to future generations. Works Cited Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. Global warming (2007). Page retrieved on March 8, 2007 from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Global_warming Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. Kyoto Protocol (2007). Page retrieved on March 8, 2007 from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol Natural Resources Defense Council. Global Warming Basics (2007). Page retrieved on March 8, 2007 from: http://www. nrdc. org/globalWarming/f101. asp Natural Resources Defense Council. Consequences of Global Warming (2006). Page retrieved on March 8, 2007 from: http://www. nrdc. org/globalWarming/fcons. asp.

Belonging: Decision Theory and Refugee

Is belonging really a choice? Can this statement apply to every experience related to belonging? Like the refugee experience? Does a refugee choose to belong or not belong? Good afternoon Ms Freckman and Ms Williamson. Belonging is a sense of connection to people, places and the larger world. Not belonging is a lack of connection to these things. But there are often barriers to belonging were people do not have the choice to belong or not belong. This understanding shows that belonging is not as black and white as simply choosing to belong or not belong. â€Å"Scattered People† is a photograph documentary by Cassandra Mathie that documents this idea. It consists of 3 series’ of black and white photographs, each series depicts a different refugee’s story about belonging in Australia. Each series contains 6 photographs and each photograph is accompanied by a quote from the refugee. The refugees are â€Å"scattered† because they all struggle to belong to where they have come from and where they are now. The second series captures the story of a Sri Lankan refugee who is prevented from belonging by the Australian government and is faced with the loss of choice in belonging. These themes of prevention and loss of choice in belonging communicates the idea, belonging is not as black and white as simply choosing to belong or not belong. To understand this idea of belonging we can analyse a quote given to us by the refugee. She says, â€Å"I have come here to ask for protection and like to get freedom because in my country I can’t live as my name, as my person†¦ still I haven’t heard a decision if they decide i am a refugee yet†¦ †. She has used the verbs â€Å"can’t†, â€Å"haven’t† and â€Å"yet†. They have strong negative connotations, highlighting the fact she is prevented from belonging. Strong nouns like â€Å"prevention†, â€Å"freedom† and â€Å"decision† are also used to express she has lost her choice in belonging.

Which Tools Improve Your Chances

Which Tools Improve Your Chances Whether you are freelancing or penning the next great American novel, these days the Internet slings hundreds of tools, clubs, databases and short-cuts at you, all filled with promises. They claim to make your journey easier, more profitable, give you access to people youd never meet otherwise. What you dont realize is that many of them are simply attempting to make a buck off your eagerness. Writers crave publication with a passion. So much so that they often lose the ability   to judge efficiency. Writers also crave camaraderie, and all too often these groups give writers a sense of membership. I-feel-your-pain type of stuff. These online tools prey on both of those urges. They can steal your goals, making you focus more on the tool than the prize. Oyster is shutting its doors. So is Authonomy. I just watched two publications change from paper and electronic to purely electronic, all in the name of we meant to from the start or its to save the environment. Any tool out there exists to make a dollar, just like you. Theres nothing wrong with some of these tools, if you accept them as working for you, not vice versa. You should feel you get what you pay for, not feel that the tool will sculpt you into something youre not. You also dont need all those tools. A handyman may have a warehouse full of tools, but the majority of those he needs fits in his truck. Why should he invest into so many tools if he cannot see where they improve his productivity, success, and income? Nothing beats hard work and research. Or word-of-mouth from those whove gone before you. Dont become so entrenched in tools, clubs, and services that if they disappeared tomorrow, youd feel unable to continue. Recognize them for what they are. Choose the few that nurture your goal but dont distract you from it, and then strike out. Write and submit. Promote and publish. And be able to trek on no matter what tool decides to fold because its nary more than a tiny wrinkle in your pursuit of your craft.

The United States Economic Development in the World War II Essay

The United States Economic Development in the World War II - Essay Example This essay outlines the efficiency of the economic policies of American government in war and post-war period, that led to strongly improved performance of the economy in the world. There are several reasons that led to wage rise during the Second World War. One reason that led to the rise in wage rates during the Second World War was the increased efficiency in jobs. Millions of residents of the United States of America who worked in occupations that were less productive moved to more efficient occupations. By acquiring efficient jobs, they earned more from their occupations. During the Second World War, wages also increased because productivity was equally improved. The improvement in productivity was brought about by better technologies that were put in place. The United States of America got its resources using an array of methods. One of them was excessive use of taxation. High taxes were imposed on workers as a way of mobilizing resources. The Congress collaborated with Roosevelt to impose heavy taxes as a way of mobilizing resources. The rates of marginal taxes increased from 81 per cent to about 94 per cent during the entire duration of the Second World War. The income level that was subjected to tax was also lowered Following the World War II, the increase in the demand of consumers for commodities fueled a robust economic growth. One industry that benefited from the consumer demand was the motor vehicle industry. To add to that, electronic and aviation industries witnessed enormous growth. ... The army was well marshaled to a force that was feared in the battlefield during the entire season of the war. By the year 1945, the military of the United States of America comprised of at least 13 000 000 million men, in addition to women who were in unison. This jump started the successful tradition in battle fields the United States of America has enjoyed till today. The industrial strength of the United States was also a crucial factor that was observed not only during but also after the Second World War. As much as they imported most of the resources they used outside the nation, their Gross domestic product stood the highest across the entire world. This margin was very large compared to those of other parts of the world (Young, 2013). During the post war era, the industry was transformed into an economic powerhouse still being witnessed today in the United States of America. These are of the reasons that led to the success of the United States as far as economic growth was co ncerned. They were able to recognize some of the gaps by other countries which they filled well. The post war prosperity that was witnessed in the United States of America after the Second World War was such a golden chance to the capitalists. This was attributed to maturity in bonds of about 200 million dollars from the years between 1945 to 1973.These bonds were financed by their work force that was educated. The post war prosperity and economic growth was also brought about by the increased number of farm workers who secured jobs in cities and towns across the United States of America. Before the Second World War, the economics of the United States ditched into a great depression. This occurred in the period between 1929 to 1941.In 1932, the

Black holes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Black holes - Essay Example Photons flew out across of the universe, energized to the limit found in nature and billions of years later, the space stations have detected them above our space. Our ability is to discover the mysteries through our present new age high energy astronomy. The universe is full of amazing astronomical and scientific features, but according to scientists and researchers up till now Black holes are considered as one of the most puzzling phenomena in the universe. The definition of a black hole is enough to get one’s attention as a black hole is a celestial body of extremely intense gravity from which nothing, not even light, can escape (Wald, 1984). The significance of black holes in the cosmos is obvious and same they have the importance to gravitational physics. The theory of presence of the black holes in the universe is our real test that how much we understand the concept of strong gravitational fields. This paper mainly deals with this topic i.e. â€Å"the strong gravitational singularity† of black holes. Primarily â€Å"a quantitative approach† is applied to involve the use of library sources, journals and â€Å"online search† as well. The facts about the topic (black hole) are probable emergent themes based on literature reviews and personal research. This document is developed in three segments. It starts with the brief introduction of black holes and their basic characteristics and particularly the gravitational singularity which is the most distinguished property they possess. This part is based on the previous literature review. The preceding segment deals critical analysis regarding the gravita tional singularity of black holes. In the last segment, a conclusion is made based upon literature review and critical analysis. A black hole is a hypothetical cosmic body of extremely intense gravity from which nothing, not even light, can escape (Wald, 1984). The borderline of this region where nobody can escape, is called

Sustainability in Event Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sustainability in Event Industry - Essay Example Conversely, should it be run haphazardly with the managers involved taking for granted the consequences of certain action or occurrences that may be detrimental to the aforementioned, tourism is likely to be rendered; expensive, self-destructive and counterproductive to the; tourist, environment and the host communities. This underscores the importance of sustainable tourism; which has been defined by WTO (1981) as sustainable tourism development involving meeting the desires and expectants of visitors and the host regions but also protecting the areas and the culture for posterity. Tourism is only beneficial in the long run if it is managed in a manner that enhances cultural and environmental sustainability, therefore culminating into sustainable tourism; which results from careful resource management such as to ensure the aesthetic needs are met while cultural integrity and biological diversity are preserved It is estimated that over the last decade, the Caribbean could have lost o ver 80 percent of it coral reef owing to environmental degradation and host of human events; not the least among them tourist related activities (Balch, 2013). A coral reef is a system made up of corals and their remains, however therein exists thousands of living organisms such as fish marine plant and sponges, coral reefs are quite fragile and require specific condition such as access to clear sunlight and consistent salinity and temperatures to survive. In addition, many of the species living within it are interdependent thus removal of some spices sets off a chain of reactions that may decimate the whole coral ecosystem. Despite the fact that the biodiversity of the coral is one of the main reasons tourists visit the Caribbean they directly and indirectly have been responsible for a lot of the damage. For example, the many ships and liners ferrying tourist to this destination cause a great deal of water pollution and this negatively affects coral life, in addition the culture of sport fishing has resulted in the dwindling of the number of aquatic organisms (Brown, 2013). Some of the fishing methods used include using cyanide and explosives, this not only directly poison the reef but cause it mechanical damage. In addition, with the growth of the industry, more ports and piers are being built and some are built on top of or at the edge of coral reefs resulting in further damage, this is not to mention a thriving trade in souvenirs made out of coral. Ultimately, from the trends observed, the tourism industry is killing the very object that has made it grow as such without proper management, the tourist and locals will soon eliminate the every reason there is tourism and the industry will collapse in the long run due to unsustainability. This is just one many examples of unsustainable tourism which if unchecked will likely jeopardize the future of tourism, however in move towards self-preservation, the tourism industry is taking mitigate action prominent amon gst which is promotion of ecotourism. Ecotourism funder mentally involves visiting previously undisturbed natural environments with the intention of admiring and learning from them while causing the minimum disturbance (Ramaswamy & Kumar, 2010). Through eco-tourism tours managers

Cultural Event Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Event - Essay Example t in the modern world is the festival stands for reaffirmation of hope, religious tolerance, a renewed commitment to friendship, spreading the word of peace and harmony and above all, celebration of â€Å"simple joys of life†. For many Hindus, Diwali is also the New Year’s Eve and it is held on the final day of the Vikram calendar, a type of Hindu calendar followed by Indians from the Northern part of the country. The day after Diwali is known as Annakut and it is considered as New Year’s Day for Hindus living in the Northern part of India (Diwali Festival 498). Diwali is always in October and November on the Gregorian calendar (Hindu Council of Australia para 2-6). The festival is accompanied by various rituals with the choice of ritual to be performed by an individual depending on the location of that particular person. However, lighting of candles, electric lights and fireworks is the most common practice for many Indians when they are celebrating Diwali festival. As the name suggests, ‘rows of lights’ are lit in the new moon night as a way of welcoming Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and on Bengal, to honor the goddess Kali who is so honored (Hindu Council of Australia para 2 -6). In other words, Diwali is celebrated at night more than during the day. Indians attribute much value to the Diwali symbols since they consider them to bring forth the significance of Diwali. The symbols stand for happiness and prosperity which is celebrated with great zest and enthusiasm because Diwali many Hindus associate the festival with prosperity and wealth (Anon para3-9). Lord Ganesha and Goddess Lakshmi are the most important symbols of Diwali and people literally worship them on this special day. Lord Ganesha represents good luck whereas Goddess Lakshmi is believed to be the Mother of Wealth. Other common symbols include Earthenware, lamp fireworks, candles, Diwali diyas, fireworks and oil Diwali lamps just to mention a few. During this ramrkable day, people share

Essay on Barack Obama Leadership

Essay on Barack Obama Leadership Choose an example of a successful leader from the public/political or private sphere; and explain why s/he is a good example of leadership personified. Support your claim and bolster your argument with the theories and concepts in the text and lectures. Be sure to use facts, statistics, figures, and academic or scholarly articles to support your claims INTRODUCTION Leadership is the art of motivating or inspiring a group of people to act towards achieving a common goal. A leaderÂÂ  stepsÂÂ  upÂÂ  inÂÂ  timesÂÂ  ofÂÂ  crisis, and is able to think andÂÂ  actÂÂ  creatively in difficult situations. There are numerous leaders out there who have been successful in leading a group of people, an organization or the general public. Functions of a leader includes: Engaging followers, integrating them, catering to their needs, aspirations, and goals in a common organization while making them better citizens, followers and leaders. (Simmons, 2008). A good example that fits this category of leadership is Barack Obama. Barack Obama was catapulted into national prominence, in part, because of his skill at building bonds of empathy with supporters from a seemingly impossibly broad political base (Noble , 2009). Conservatives marveled at his use of language and metaphors that resonated with their core beliefs, while Liber als and progressives believed that the rise to prominence of a self-identified African American with impeccable civil rights credentials represented a triumph for their own core agenda (Noble , 2009). This paper will focus on the leadership of Barack Obama; how he made history and was able to lead the country during the time of crisis. Furthermore, the theoretical standpoints of postmodernism and transformational leadership will be implemented to discuss some of the reasons he was successful as a leader. BIOGRAPHY Barack Obama was born in 1961 to a father from Kenya and a mother from Kansas. He was raised with the help of his grandfather, who served in Pattons army, and his grandmother, who worked her way up from the secretarial pool to middle management at a bank (Luce 2008). After working his way through college with the help of scholarships and student loans, he moved to Chicago, where he worked with a group of churches to help rebuild communities devastated by the closure of local steel plants. After that, he went on to attend law school, where he became the first African-American president of theÂÂ  Harvard Law Review (Luce, 2008). After graduation, he returned to Chicago to help lead a voter registration drive, teach constitutional law at the University of Chicago, and remain active in his community. Barack Obamas years of public service are based around his unwavering belief in the ability to unite people around a politics of purpose. In the Illinois State Senate, he passed the fir st major ethics reform in 25 years, cut taxes for working families, and expanded health care for children and their parents (Luce, 2008). As a United States Senator, he reached across the aisle to pass ground-breaking lobbying reform, lock up the worlds most dangerous weapons, and bring transparency to government by putting federal spending online (Luce, 2008). HISTORIC ELECTION November 4, 2008 was an historic day for Americans, as they celebrated the election of Barack Obama as the 44th President.ÂÂ  The election was the longest presidential campaign and the most expensive in history (Green Roberts, 2012). Moreover, the historic event marked the first time that two US senators ran against each other. New York Senator Hilary Clinton was the first serious female presidential candidate, while Senator Barak ObamaÂÂ  was the first African American nominated by a major party for president. For the Republican Party, Arizona Senator John McCain had hoped to become the oldest person elected president to a first term in America. His running mate Alaska Governor Sarah Palin was the first woman vice president candidate for the Republican Party (Green Roberts, 2012). The whole presidential race was full of historic moments and it was an election like no other. During the historical presidential race, the media and other experts would often discuss whether a multiracial candidate could win. Some observers argued that Obama may not win because of his racial background. Conversely, other observers viewed him as a post-racial candidate (Green Roberts, 2012). Other opponents mentioned that Obama was too inexperienced, untested, and unready to become the president. Nevertheless, his political savvy, innovative election strategy, and charismatic personality was enough to make him victorious. The former Senator has managed to inspire astonishing numbers of people from different races (Black, White, Latino, Asian etc.) with his wisdom, optimism, wit, and exuberance. In one of his speech that took place on 27 July 2004 at the Democratic National Convention in Boston he spoke of his belief that, Theres not a liberal America and a conservative America, theres the United States of America. Theres not a Black America and White America and Latino America and Asian America; theres the United States of America. (Noble , 2009). TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP After the end of George Bushs presidential reign, the American people had grown tired of the same political atmosphere. Voters wanted something new that could bring change to the country. Transformational leadership places intrinsic motivation on their followers, thereby creating a massive appeal to supporters (Green Roberts, 2012). Bass and Riggio (2005) suggested that transformational leadership assist followers to grow and develop into leaders by responding to individual followers needs, by empowering them, and aligning the goals of the individual followers. Transformational leaders possess the personal characteristics of other effective leaders, especially charismatic leaders (Dubrin, 2013). Transformational leaders who possess a clear and compelling vision can impose their views of reality on followers violating the foundational principle of individual and collective knowledge creation autonomy characteristic of the postmodern value system (Green Roberts, 2012). During the 200 8 presidential election, there was a strong desire by many citizens for change in leadership. There were a number of things that needed to be fixed such as, the imploded housing market and the collapse of the economy. The bush administration achieved one of the lowest approval ratings in history (Green Roberts, 2012). During the presidential election, there was a cry for change. Young voters wanted a leader who inspires and possesses a clear vision. This was exactly what Barack Obama did as a leader. He captured the young voters attention and gave the American people the change theyve been longing for. He is a good example of a transformational leader. LEADING DURING CRISIS Barack Obama got sworn into office during the time of an economic crisis. The country was undergoing a recession but nonetheless, he came into office ready to take action. One of his first priorities after getting into office was to tackle the financial crisis. His stimulus package and some of the carryover from the Bush administration pushed money into the economy when it was needed the most. His auto bailout gave manufacturing a lifeline (GM, Chrysler, Ford), and his support for credit starved banks, slowed down the spread of subprime contagion (Barmak, Beer, Brearto, Castaldo, Cowan, 2012). Even though some believe he did not make the economic life better in his first four years in office, he certainly prevented it from getting much worse. And on re-election day, voters rewarded him for that. According to exit polls, more than half of voters still blamed George W. Bush for the sluggish economy. Only 38% blamed the president (Barack Obama). Surprisingly, four in ten people told po llsters they believed the economy was getting better. Among that cohort, 88% sided with Obama (Barmak, Beer, Brearto, Castaldo, Cowan, 2012). In the last full quarter before the second election, real GDP in the U.S. grew at a slow rate of 1.3% and Joblessness remained very high. No sitting president had ever won re-election with unemployment above 7.4% in the months leading up to a vote (Barmak, Beer, Brearto, Castaldo, Cowan, 2012), but Barack Obama was able to pull it off. During his second and most recent presidential campaign, ObamaÂÂ  argued that the only solution to Americas deficit problem was a mixture of increased revenues and lowered spending. In contrast, Mitt Romney consistently maintained that he could eliminate the deficit without raising taxes. He even promised to cut them below their current rates. Mitt Romneys plan was not realistic and his political agendas were rather inconsistent. Obamas plan was a far more realistic approach. By promising to increase marg inal rates on the very wealthy-essentially by allowing some Bush tax cuts to expire-Obama offered a path that, while not perfect, at least heads in the direction of future deficit reduction (Barmak, Beer, Brearto, Castaldo, Cowan, 2012). POSTMODERNISM According to research, younger generation in the United States and throughout the developed world now possess a more postmodern and post-materialist value system. For the first time in American history, there are four generations co-existing in the workplace. Which are, the Greatest Generation (1922-1945), the Baby Boomer (1946-1964), Generation X (1965-1980), and Millennial (1981-2000) groups (Green Roberts, 2012). It became clear that Obamas campaign communication methods and message appealed to the Millennias sense of community involvement. Barack Obama used the opportunity to connect with his generation and the younger voters population. The Bush administration was not able to meet the new set of values and expectations that the millennial generation is driven by. Some core postmodern traits include challenging authority, attacking conventional wisdom, tolerating ambiguity, accepting diversity, and building constructive reality (Green Roberts, 2012). Consequently, postmodernist s find themselves distrustful of institutions and hard facts. Baby Boomers leadership style is characterized by an autocratic mentality while Millennial are governed by a democratic approach (Green Roberts, 2012). These divergent generational leadership traits inspire some followers while inhibiting others. It is important for a leader (Presidential Candidate) to understand the cultural differences of this postmodern generation in order to win them over as followers/supporters. For example, Barack Obamas inclusiveness regarding the issue of religion was consistent with postmodern assumptions that reject mutually exclusive truth claims (Green Roberts, 2012). He was also able to connect with the younger generation through the internet (e.g. twitter) and was successful in getting more than the usual amount of youths to go out and vote for him. Therefore, one may conclude that Obamas understanding of post-modernism and all the cultural differences of the new generation made a big diff erence for his campaign and contributed to his success as a historic leader. CONCLUSION To summarize in short, Barack Obamas knowledge of postmodernism and his appeal to the different cultural groups across America (Blacks, Latino, Whites and other races) are some of what contributed to his success as a leader. He is a good example of a transformational leader. Barack Obama was catapulted into national prominence, in part, because of his skill at building bonds of empathy with supporters from a seemingly impossibly broad political base. His charisma, honesty and wit made him a unique leader. He believed in the slogan of Change which was what the American people wanted after the Bush administration left office. He was also able to connect with the younger generation through his savvy communication methods and through the internet which got more than the usual amount of the younger generation to go out and vote. This paper analysed the leadership of Barack Obama; how he made history and led the country during the time of crisis. It also incorporated the theoretical standp oints of postmodernism and transformational leadership to discuss some of the reasons why he was successful as a leader. His leadership during the time of crisis was also touched upon with some credible statistical data to back it up.

Understanding Religion Through Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle Essay

Understanding Religion Through Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle The following is issued as a warning from the author Kurt Vonnegut to the reader: "Any one unable to understand how a useful religion can be founded on lies will not understand this book either"(14). The latter quote is typical of Vonnegut in his usage of creating a personal narrative. Kurt Vonnegut Jr. was born in Indianapolis, like many of his characters, in 1922. His life from that point on closely resembles the lives of the people in his satirical novel Cat's Cradle. Vonnegut's mother committed suicide when he was twenty two years old and in many of his novels the character of the mother is dead. Vonnegut's "lifelong pessimism clearly has its roots in his parents' despairing response to the depression" (Allen 2). He was captured in WWII and was present in Dresden, Germany when it was bombed and set fire to, killing 135,000 citizens. This later became the basis for Vonnegut's greatest success Slaughterhouse-Five. Cat's Cradle was published in 1963, and though it wasn't as big a success as Slaughterhouse, it became widely known as contributing to the "counter-culture" since it does in fact question and counter almost every part of our society's culture (Reed). One of the largest points of our culture brought into question in Cat's Cradle is religion. Vonnegut himself is a Humanist, meaning that he isn't sure of the existence of a God, but values life above all else. In his last novel Timequake, Vonnegut explains that he understands that humans need religion as something to turn to for comfort and suppo... ... Literature). Columbia, SC: University of SouthCarolina Press, 1991. Broer, Lawrence R., editor. Sanity Plea: Schizophrenia in the Novels of Kurt Vonnegut (revised edition). Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1994 Huber, Chris. The Vonnegut Web. 14 Feb. 2002. 25 Feb. 2002 http://www.duke.edu/~crh4/vonnegut/ Klinkowitz, Jerome. Vonnegut in Fact: The Public Spokesmanship of Personal Fiction. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1998. Reed, Peter J. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., Warner Books, 1972. Vit, Marek. Marek Vit's Kurt Vonnegut Corner. 4 Mar. 2002. 25 Feb. 2002 http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/4953/vonn.html Vonnegut, Kurt . Cat's Cradle. 1963. New York: Dell Publishing, 1988 Vonnegut, Kurt. Mother Night. New York: Fawcett, 1962. Vonnegut, Kurt. Timequake. New York: Putnam, 1997 Understanding Religion Through Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle Essay Understanding Religion Through Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle The following is issued as a warning from the author Kurt Vonnegut to the reader: "Any one unable to understand how a useful religion can be founded on lies will not understand this book either"(14). The latter quote is typical of Vonnegut in his usage of creating a personal narrative. Kurt Vonnegut Jr. was born in Indianapolis, like many of his characters, in 1922. His life from that point on closely resembles the lives of the people in his satirical novel Cat's Cradle. Vonnegut's mother committed suicide when he was twenty two years old and in many of his novels the character of the mother is dead. Vonnegut's "lifelong pessimism clearly has its roots in his parents' despairing response to the depression" (Allen 2). He was captured in WWII and was present in Dresden, Germany when it was bombed and set fire to, killing 135,000 citizens. This later became the basis for Vonnegut's greatest success Slaughterhouse-Five. Cat's Cradle was published in 1963, and though it wasn't as big a success as Slaughterhouse, it became widely known as contributing to the "counter-culture" since it does in fact question and counter almost every part of our society's culture (Reed). One of the largest points of our culture brought into question in Cat's Cradle is religion. Vonnegut himself is a Humanist, meaning that he isn't sure of the existence of a God, but values life above all else. In his last novel Timequake, Vonnegut explains that he understands that humans need religion as something to turn to for comfort and suppo... ... Literature). Columbia, SC: University of SouthCarolina Press, 1991. Broer, Lawrence R., editor. Sanity Plea: Schizophrenia in the Novels of Kurt Vonnegut (revised edition). Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1994 Huber, Chris. The Vonnegut Web. 14 Feb. 2002. 25 Feb. 2002 http://www.duke.edu/~crh4/vonnegut/ Klinkowitz, Jerome. Vonnegut in Fact: The Public Spokesmanship of Personal Fiction. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1998. Reed, Peter J. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., Warner Books, 1972. Vit, Marek. Marek Vit's Kurt Vonnegut Corner. 4 Mar. 2002. 25 Feb. 2002 http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/4953/vonn.html Vonnegut, Kurt . Cat's Cradle. 1963. New York: Dell Publishing, 1988 Vonnegut, Kurt. Mother Night. New York: Fawcett, 1962. Vonnegut, Kurt. Timequake. New York: Putnam, 1997

Notes for Final Paper

Do not change the font and do not put in any punctuation or other marks in the answer sheet; put only the letter choice of your answer. Also, do not put any spaces before or after the letter you enter as your answer. Be sure to turn off the automatic completion function of cell entries. On the Tools menu, click Options, and then click the Edit tab. Clear the Enable Autoclave for cell values check box. Please put only your last name on the Answer Sheet in the by writing it in the yellow space. 1. With regard to the court, adequacy of consideration means: A.The court will adjust the consideration if the value exchanged is unfair. B. The consideration exchanged must be exactly equal in value. C. The court doesn't care about value as long as the mutual assent is valid. D. The consideration exchanged must be reasonably close in value. 2. Bill gets many speeding tickets. His friend Ron told Bill that he would pay Bill $300 if he did not get a ticket for one year. Bill drove very cautiously for the next year and did not get a ticket. Is Ron obligated to pay? A. Yes, because Bill gave up a legal right based on the agreement.B. No, because $300 is not an adequate amount based on Bill's detriment. C. Yes, because a promise is a promise and consideration has nothing to do with this agreement. D. No, cause Bill suffered no detriment in this agreement. Page 2 of 6 LAW 421 – Quiz 3 – 7. 01. 14 3. Excursions Inc. (Excursions) ordered 300 kayaks from Seafarer's, Inc. (Seafarer's), with delivery to be made on April 20. The kayaks will used during the upcoming season. Under which circumstance may Excursions claim anticipatory repudiation? A.The popularity of kayaking has suddenly decreased and Excursions isn't sure it can use 300 kayaks during the upcoming season. B. The cost of kayaks has tripled owing to worldwide demand, lowering Seafarer's profit margin. Yet Seafarer's insists that it will honor the contract with Excursions. C. Excursions have found another man ufacturer that can provide less expensive kayaks of the same quality as Seafarer's kayaks. D. Seafarer's only manufacturing plant burned down on January 1 5, yet Seafarer's insists that it will rebuild the plant and honor the contract with Excursions. 4.Ronald contracted with Quality Hotel (Quality) to rent a room for a weekend while at a business meeting in the city. The contract with Quality required a $50 deposit with the remaining balance due on check-in. The deposit was nonrefundable unless the reservation is cancelled at least 36 hours prior to check in. The day before he was to eave for the resort, Arnold's boss called off the business meeting. Ronald called Quality, canceled the reservation, and demanded a refund of his deposit. A. Ronald will get the refund because of impossibility of performance; he can't attend a business meeting that isn't going to be held.B. Ronald will get the refund because of frustration of purpose; his intention was to attend a business meeting that is no longer being held. C. Quality is not required to provide a refund. D. Ronald will get the refund because of impracticability; he doesn't need a room to attend a business meeting that isn't going to be held. 5. Paul contracted with Dan to buy some land on behalf of Developers, Inc. Developers told Paul to use Pall's own name and not to disclose to Dan that Paul was working for Developers. Paul signed the contract in his own name only. Developers refused to honor his arrangement with Paul.A. Paul is liable, but may sue Developers based on failure of loyalty. B. Paul can't be sued because he's only an agent. C. Developers has no liability to anyone since his name was never disclosed. D. Paul is liable, but may sue Developers based on indemnification. 6. Which of the following is not an exception to the employment-at-will doctrine? A. An employee is working under an implied employment contract. B. An employee's termination violates a public policy or statutory right. C. An employ ee is terminated but has received excellent evaluations and the employer cannot give a reason for the dismissal.D. An employee is working under an express employment contract. Page 3 of 6 LAW 421 – Quiz 3 – 7. 01. 14 7. Big Box Inc. (Big Box) was hiring a security guard for one of its stores. On its application, Big Box asked whether the applicant had ever been arrested. Bob applied for a Job at Big Box and answered no to the question. He also answered no to a question asking if there was any reason that he would not be qualified to work as a security guard. Soon after Bob was hired, he hit a customer. It was discovered at trial that Bob had been fired from numerous Jobs for abusing customers and other offenses.If the customer sued Big Box: A. Big Box would not be liable because it made a good faith effort to screen applicants by specifically asking about past indiscretions. B. Big Box would not be liable because Bob was supposed to control customers. C. Big Box would be liable for negligent hiring. D. Big Box would be liable for negligent retention. 8. With regard to whistle-blowers: A. Every state law protects both government and private employees from retaliation. B. Employers may terminate whistle-blowers if they can prove a reason for termination independent of retaliation for the whistle blowing. C.There is no federal whistle-blower act. D. Based on the employment-at-will doctrine, employers may terminate whistle- blowers without proving a reason independent of retaliation for the whistle blowing. 9. Rupert hired Calvin to drive a car to a site 75 miles away. Rupert specified the route that Calvin was to take and told him to be sure to arrive by 4:30 pm. On the ay, Calvin became hungry and decided to stop to eat. He had plenty of time to stop, eat, and still make the deadline. He went too restaurant that was three miles off the route that Rupert had specified. Calvin did not call Rupert to ask for permission.On the way to the restaurant, Ca lvin failed to stop ATA red light and hit Cam's car. Sam sued Calvin and Rupert. A. Rupert will lose because Calvin was on a frolic, so Rupert is liable B. Rupert will win because Calvin was on a detour, freeing Rupert from liability C. Rupert will lose because Calvin was on a detour, so Rupert is liable D. Rupert will win because Calvin as on a frolic, freeing Rupert from liability 10. Adam accepted a new Job. Which of the following is not a contract condition related to that Job? A. Adam will receive a bonus provided that he obtains 25 new clients within 30 days. B.Dam's medical and dental benefits will start after he has worked for seven months. C. Dam's salary will be $1,200 a week. D. Adam cannot begin work until he passes a drug test. 11. The IRS has developed a three-part test to determine an agent's status. Which of the following is not an element in this test? A. Whether the working relationship is written or oral B. He type of working relationship between the parties C. Be havioral aspects of the parties D. The financial arrangements between the parties Page 4 of 6 LAW 421 – Quiz 3 – 7. 01. 14 12. Ernie worked as a delivery driver for a local fast food restaurant.His duties consisted of making deliveries along a designated route. One day Ernie decided to visit his friend, who lived 8 miles out of his delivery route. While driving to his friend's house, Ernie injured a pedestrian, Alvin. The accident was caused because of Ermine's negligent driving. Alvin sued both Ernie and the restaurant for personal injuries. Under the circumstances: A. The restaurant is never liable for the negligent acts of its agents. B. The restaurant is liable under the doctrine of respondent superior. C. The restaurant is not liable because Ernie was on a frolic of his own. D.Alvin can recover damages from both the restaurant and Ernie. 13. James wanted to have a pool built at his house. He called Patio Construction, Inc (Patio). When Patio came to give James a p rice, it did some soil tests and discovered no problems. Patio quoted $1 5,500 for the pool. However, when it begin excavating for the pool, Patio discovered solid rock few feet below ground level. Patio stopped work and informed James that, due to the rock, it will have to use explosives to remove the rock and that the cost of the pool would now be $18,000. A. James is under contract and will have to pay the new price. B.James can have the contract discharged based on impracticability. C. James can have the contract discharged based on frustration of purpose. D. James can have the contract discharged based on impossibility. 14. Jake advertised his scooter for sale. The scooter doesn't start easily in damp weather. Adam was looking for a scooter to use at his home, which near the seacoast, which he told Jake. Jake said nothing. Adam bought the scooter, brought it to his house, where Adam often had trouble getting it to start on damp mornings. A. Jake has committed a fraudulent misre presentation because he withheld a material fact.B. Jake has not committed a fraudulent misrepresentation because Adam didn't specifically ask if the scooter started easily in damp weather. C. Jake has committed an innocent misrepresentation because he didn't state a lie, but only withheld all of the truth. D. Jake has not committed a fraudulent misrepresentation because silence cannot be considered a fraudulent misrepresentation. 15. In which of the following scenarios would enforcement of specific performance be appropriate? A. You ordered a stereo from an electronics store and a few days later it breached by not ordering it from the manufacturer.B. A store agreed to order a laptop computer for you, but breached its contract with you by canceling the order the next day. C. You ordered 50 cubic yards of crushed from a local store and it breached by not delivering or making the stone available to you. D. You contracted to buy an antique clock to add to your art collection; but, desp ite the contract, the owner refused to sell at the last minute. 16. Which of the following is the true statement? A. Apparent authority is based on what the principal communicates to the agent and not to the third party. B.Actual authority must be expressly created and cannot be based on custom or past dealings. C. Actual authority must always be expressed in writing. D. Ratification applies to previously unauthorized acts. Page 5 of 6 LAW 421 – Quiz 3 – 7. 01. 14 17. Jim contracted with Gardeners Inc. To plant some trees in Jims back yard. Jim was to purchase the trees. The contract with Gardeners was solely for planting. Payment was to be 25% at the time that the work commenced and 75% once the Reese were planted. Jim purchased the trees and paid Gardeners the 25%. Gardeners began work.When Gardeners was half way through the Job, Jim changed his mind about having trees planted, so he refused Gardeners access to the yard. If Gardeners wanted to rescind the contract an d be paid for work completed, it would sue for: A. Consequential damages. B. Compensatory damages. C. Restitution. D. Liquidated damages. 18. Marine, Inc. Advertised a canoe on sale. The normal price is $1,250 and the sale price should have read $950, but the advertisement stated $750. Sam went into the tore and demanded to purchase the canoe at the advertised price of $750. Which of the following is correct? A.The court will adjust the consideration, if the value exchanged is unfair. B. The court doesn't care about value, as long as the mutual assent is valid. C. The consideration exchanged must be exactly equal in value. D. The consideration exchanged must be reasonably close in value. 19. In which of the following situations is the agent not liable should the principal breach the contract with the third party? A. Agents are liable in all agency situations B. Undisclosed agency C. Partially disclosed agency D. Disclosed agency 0. Bobby entered into a contract with Eddie. Subsequen tly, Bobby assigned his rights in that contract to Jake.Which of the following would not prevent that assignment? A. The contract contains an anti-assignment clause. B. The assignment would materially alter Eddies duties and cause an increased burden or risk to Eddie. C. Eddie protests the assignment and demands that Bobby not make the assignment. D. The assignment would violate public policy matters. 21 . Which of the following is the best explanation of the parole evidence rule? A. Oral agreements may be used to change a final written contract if the final written entrant isn't exactly conforming to the pre-contract agreements. B.Written contracts with ambiguous terms are automatically void and cannot be corrected. C. Written agreements may be used to change a final written contract if the final written contract isn't exactly conforming to the pre-contract agreements. D. A written contract is the final expression of the party's agreement and may not be contradicted by oral or writ ten agreements made prior to the writing. 22. Ralph was a driver for Discount Appliances, Inc. (Discount) and made deliveries to customers. One day, Ralph negligently secured a fridge on the back of his truck and, hill driving, the fridge fell out of the truck and hit Jims car.Which of the following is correct? A. Both Ralph and Discount are liable. B. No one is liable, it was an accident. C. Ralph is liable, but not Discount. D. Discount is liable, but not Ralph. Page 6 of 6 LAW 421 – Quiz 3-7. 01. 14 23. Richard called Jeff asking him to referee a game. Jeff is not obligated to work the game. If Jeff accepts the assignment and works the game, he would be told the time of the game, he would be required to wear an approved uniform, and he would be paid a fee. Once at the game, Jeff would be in complete control. Jeff is considered a/an: A. Principal. B. Independent contractor. C. Agent. D. Employee. 24. In which of the following situations will the court enforce a contract? A. Kevin offered to sell his boat to Dave for $12,500. Dave replied that was too much and said, â€Å"I'll give you $10,000 for it,† Kevin said no. The next day Dave called Kevin and said, â€Å"l accept. † B. Kevin offered to sell his boat to Dave. Dave asked for 24 hours to decide and Kevin agreed. At midnight, the boat sank, although neither Dave nor Kevin knew it sank. Dave called Kevin before the 24 hours was over and said, â€Å"l accept†. C. Kevin offered to sell his boat to Dave.Dave asked for some time to decide and Kevin gave him until 7:00 pm. At 5:00 pm, Dave saw Adam painting the boat and was told that Kevin sold it to him. Dave called Kevin at 6:00 pm and said â€Å"l accept†. D. Kevin offered to sell his boat to Dave. Dave asked for more time and Kevin said you may have until 11:00 am the next morning. Dave gave Kevin $150 for him to keep the offer open to him, which was nonrefundable. Kevin died during the night and, after hearing that Kevin died, Dave called Seven's heirs at 10:00 am the next morning and accepted Seven's offer.When Paul came home from work, he found that all the snow from a recent storm had been removed from his yard. An hour later, a boy came to Pall's door to collect payment for the work. Paul refused to pay him because he had never seen the boy before, nor had he hired him to do the work. Which of the following is accurate? A. This is an implied, unilateral contract, therefore, he must pay. B. Paul received unjust enrichment, so a quasi contract was formed and he must pay. C. Paul would not have to pay anything. D. To be fair to both parties, the court would make Paul pay the reasonable coos

Black Masculinity Essay

What is an ethnic group? An ethnic group is a human population whose members identify with each other, usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry . These ethnic groups are usually united by shared cultural values, common fields of communication, or religious practices. So perhaps the theory of Black masculinity can be considered an ethnic group. There is the obvious factors of being ‘Black’ and ‘male’ that connects these members in this group; they have skin color and gender in common. Perhaps this cultural group has come together to be more then just a group who have race and gender in common. It goes beyond that and Black masculinity has members who are not ‘Black’. Perhaps this questions if history, ancestry, and genealogy are factored in when becoming a members of a group. But will these members be truly accepted in the cult of Black masculinity. Within the dominant culture African American men have developed their own sense of identity. These men have integrated themselves into American society creating a culture of their own. They have established a language, a sense of dress, and behaviors. These protocols help this group of men emphasize their ethnicity and gender. Members of this group who follow these traits are considered to be part of the cult of Black masculinity. What is happening is that white men, because of the influence of pop culture, are permeating the boundaries of the Black masculine cult. This is an experience of somewhat reverse assimilation. At first it was the assimilation of the Black man into the white man’s world and now it is as if roles are reversed. How the white men see the Black masculinity portrayed through the media and want to be part of it. Anthropologist Fredrik Barth specifies three conditions under which ethnic groups develop and define themselves: (a) a dominant culture is present with the power to maintain conditions whereby other groups of people, (b) are stereotyped, and (c) are constrained to certain roles that function complementarily in the general culture. Barth argues that ethnic distinctions are born out of conflict . The above conditions are necessary for the maintenance of ethnic distinctions. So, the maintenance of ethnic diversity requires domination by one group of the rest. Using Barth’s definition of what an ethnic group is and which boundaries are defined by these rules this paper will prove how Black masculinity conforms to these guidelines establishing them as an ethnic group within the dominant culture. This paper will also explore the difference that is expressed by black males in American culture through the use of language, dress and behavior. The cult of Black masculinity will prove that ethnic groups can create something of their own while inventing a new culture in which they can partake in and be control of. Black Masculinity â€Å"A particular type of black masculinity–one defined mainly by an urban aesthetic, a nihilistic attitude, and an aggressive posturing–has made its way into the cultural mainstream in the last two decades. † There are many contributing factors but the image of Black masculinity has come about due to the popularization of hip-hop culture and the prominence of rap music and the â€Å"videomercials† that sell it. More specifically, it is the result of the popularity of the urban â€Å"gangsta† and his embodiment in the â€Å"gangsta† rap of artists such as Dr. Dre, Ice Cube, Snoop Doggy Dogg, and Tupak Shakur. Black masculinity is the attempt for black males to incorporate what the dominant culture believes to be masculine. Most studies have, however regarded Black Masculinity as an alternative to social status, rather than as an extension of it. ‘Black Macho’ has been portrayed, therefore, as differing in kind rather than degree from the wider gendered power relations within Society at large†¦ It is however; only within the context of wider power relations — and as an extension of them –that Black masculinity can be fully understood†¦ Black masculinity is then perhaps best understood as an articulated response to structural inequality, enacting and subverting dominant definitions of power and control, rather then substituting for them. Rather than a hostile and withdrawn entity [black masculinity] can be seen as a base for interaction and negotiation with wider society . These men have taken an idea which already exists according to society and incorporated what they believe is their definition of masculinity. This expression of masculinity, according to Mercer and Julien: â€Å"subjectively incorporates attributes associated with dominant definitions of manhood – such as being tough, in control, independent – in order to recuperate some degree of power or active influence over objective conditions of powerlessness created by racism. † Black masculinity embraces the stereotypical role of what a Black man typically resembles. What the dominant culture portrays: the tough guy, more body then mind. This is received as negative because they are not achieving what the ideal is, what â€Å"Whiteness† is. So would this group of men be considered an ethnic group within the American society? According to Barth an ethnic group embodies the following: â€Å"Largely biologically self-perpetuating, shares fundamental cultural values, realized in overt unity in cultural forms, makes up a field of communication and interaction, has a membership which identifies itself, and is identified by others, as constituting a category distinguishable from other categories of the same order. † Those who choose to conform to these norms of this group will reject or discriminate against others and this leads to the inclusion of this specific group. Behavior How one behaves will determine what group they will fit into. These behaviors include how one dresses, acts and talks. Black masculinity has their own sense of dress, actions and even language. Depicted through the media the Black masculine male will dress â€Å"gangster†. There stereotyped baggie jeans and big t-shirts with the jewelry and baseball caps. This reinforces the hyper-sexualized stereotyped male in society. Recently, Richard G. Major’s concept of the â€Å"cool pose† has proved an insightful term for understanding the dynamics of black masculinity as it has developed in response to unequal conditions in the modern urban environment. In a series of closely related works (listed at the end of this essay), Majors argues that black males have accepted the traditional values of masculinity but are so restricted by social and political factors that many of them have been deeply frustrated by their inability to enact these traditional masculine roles. â€Å"In brief,† Majors explains, â€Å"cool pose originated as a coping mechanism for the ‘invisibility,’ frustration, discrimination, and educational and employment inequities faced by Black males. In response to these obstacles, many of these individuals have channeled their creative talents and energies into the construction of masculine symbols and into the use of conspicuous nonverbal behaviors (e. g. , demeanors, gestures, clothing, hairstyles, walks, stances and handshakes)† . Majors includes in his examples of the cool pose such diverse behaviors as the use of humor, feigned emotional detachment, and specific stylistic expressions like the black athlete’s inventive basketball dunking, football spiking, and end zone dancing, as well as black musical performers’ aggressive posing and graceful yet strenuous dancing styles. A prime ingredient of the cool pose as a compensatory form of masculinity is an exaggerated style of toughness: â€Å"Symbolic displays of toughness defend his identity and gain him respect; they can also promote camaraderie and solidarity among black males† . Unfortunately, as Majors is careful to point out, the ritualized hyper masculinity performed by many black men as a cool pose, particularly the preoccupation with enacting a tough persona is rife with the negative potential to promote dangerous lifestyles (e. g. , gang bangers, tough guys, drug dealers, street hustlers, and pimps) and to reinforce harmful stereotypes. These images illuminate the figure of the menacing Black male. He embodies images of the black heterosexual rapper, athlete, and movie star which challenge the racist depictions of black masculinity as incompetent, oversexed and uncivil, in the end a threat to middle class notions of womanhood, family and nation . Perhaps with these embodiments this is why Black masculinity is its own ethnic group. They were unable to assimilate into the dominant culture because they were seen as a hyper sexualized threat to white women. This left these men to create something of their own, through dress, language and action. This group uses language as another expression of social difference. African American Vernacular English is the language that is used to communicate, it is also known as Black English, Black Vernacular, or Black English Vernacular. Black English is also known as Ebonics, a combination of â€Å"ebony† and â€Å"phonics†, this language is spoken by many Blacks in the United States and around the world. Black masculinity has accepted Ebonics as their language because it is something that is unique to the African American culture. The problem with this form of communication is that it is not widely accepted within the dominant society. The children who are raised by men who are part of this cult of Black masculinity are told to speak differently because the form of communication that they have learned is not acceptable. This is a miscommunication and some parties tried to get Ebonics recognized as a language and to be taught in the school systems. This law was not passed but it was interpreted and they are now teaching the children how to translate African American Vernacular English into American Standard English. Jackson sees language as â€Å"badges and emblems of identity can be seen as a kind of message, the successful transmission, reception, and decoding of which necessary to the interaction is taking place. † This is why Black masculinity is as strong as it is because it embraces their own language and through this they are able to maintain relationships with others in this group of men. Such as the word â€Å"Nigga†, if this word were used by someone outside of this cultural group then they would be considered racist but through music and use within the group it is considered to be a term used to identify each other. It would be seen as odd if someone who did not embody Black masculinity started speaking in African American Vernacular English because they may not have the ancestry which allows them to embody Black Masculinity and their language. Boundaries To form a cultural boundary it is presumed that the borders would be between different homelands, ethnicities, religions or language groups. In the case of Black masculinity the majority are situated all over North America and the rest of the world. With such a diverse spread it would be hard to place physical borders on this group. â€Å"Ethnic groups are not merely or necessarily based on the occupation of exclusive territories; and the different ways in which they are maintained, not only by once-and-for-all recruitment but by continual expression and validation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In saying this, those who partake in the cult of Black masculinity erect borders through communication such as language and body language. Those who do not respond to these actions are not considered to be part Black male society. There is certain protocol which will be followed within the group and if this is not followed then there is the identification of an outsider who is trying to break through the borders. The problem with Black masculinity and the exclusivity of this culture is that it is widely available in pop culture. It would be easy for someone who is not part of this ethnic group to study the mass media and learn the traits which define Black masculinity. Black masculinity is based on ascription how people identify their culture and how they identify themselves within this culture. Their boundaries are socially constructed. Ethnic groups share common culture which includes shared religion, language, style of dress, housing, shared customs; attitudes, beliefs and most have the same perception of a common past. As discussed earlier this group embraces a shared common culture which separates them from the dominant culture. They have created themselves due to a particular historical circumstance and in this case it is colonization and the invasion of the White man. The identity of Black masculinity is reliant on how individuals embrace it, constrained by it; act on it and through this Black masculinity will have a separate identity as an ethnic group. To separate themselves they have must be able to distinguish them from the dominant culture by â€Å"creating appearance of cultural discontinuity†. Black masculinity has done this by assuming roles such as the gangster rapper, the black athlete or movie star. By creating these identities they are constructing a boundary between â€Å"us† and â€Å"them†. Overtime groups tend to become culturally more homogenous. This endangers the boundary and makes it harder to maintain but in order to preserve its distinct identity these boundaries need to be maintained by the group. Boundary maintenance serves to isolate the group from alternative value systems (according to which its members may find themselves ranked differently), preserves the group’s existing internal power structure, and provides a potential source of political power for the group through solidarity and numbers . Black masculinity is a strong force in the media and to follow what their cultural beliefs are would be easy. They have familiarized their culture with the dominant culture allowing anyone to be able to participate in their beliefs. This weakens their borders and makes it harder to maintain a stronghold at their borders. The only thing that would not be broken within Black masculinity is in the name. To be a true part of this ethnic group one would have to be a Black male. This is the only thing that will hold true to maintain the borders of Black masculinity. Biologically Self Perpetuating Black masculinity has become such a widely known phenomenon and even those who do not share the same ancestry seem to be able to embody traits of this group. Traditionally an ethnic group would share a common background and kin. Through the use of mass media the cult of the Black male has become highly sexualized and those who see this machismo want to be part of it. Ethnic groups are primarily endogamous and this new assimilation into their group will cause problems with this. This is a problem because it takes away from the power of what this group stands for and what they embody as the macho man. â€Å"In a social order where white beliefs form fundamental explanations of how individuals should enact their color-sex positions and associated role expectations, black males do not, regardless of their economic status or intellectual capabilities, have the cultural prerogative to take the initiative. † This quote redefines that there is a dominant culture and allowing assimilation this group is allowing the power to be taken away. As these men are portrayed as hyper sexualized in the media it introduces them to something that the dominant culture views as the ideal, this goes back to colonization and the want of what the White man has, the unattainable. â€Å"A major reason for the initial encounter was the mystique attached to the hitherto unavailable ‘the white goddess’ † . This â€Å"white goddess†, the unavailable, is the difference between the dominant culture and the Black Masculinity. Black men move between majority and minority cultures and must negotiate the racism and discrimination that accompany caste-like minority status. Frazier suggests that Black masculinity and male role identity must be viewed in these varying social and cultural contexts . Specifically, Black men are expected to conform to dominant gender role expectations (e. g. , to be successful, competitive, aggressive), as well as meeting culturally specific requirements (e. g. , cooperation, promotion of group, and survival of group) of the Black community. â€Å"certain patriarchal values such as physical strength, sexual prowess and being in control as a means of survival against the repressive and violent system of subordination to which they were subjected† . The dehumanizing aspect of this myth, a myth that Mercer claims many black men do not want demystified because it in some ways (e. g. , strength, sexual prowess) raises them above the status of white men, is that, while an emphasis on the body as brute force is a marker of the difference between male and female, it is also a key symbol in the division between nature and culture. Perhaps this is why Black masculinity came to be. It is argued that the members of the Black Power movement defined the politics of race within â€Å"metaphoric of phallic power,† which developed out of male activists’ desires to counter cultural articulations of black male inferiority , and that this is readily seen in the writings of influential figures such as Malcolm X, Huey Newton, Eldridge Clever, and Amiri Baraka. Wiegman further claims that the phallocentric perspective was also articulated through the macho, hyper masculine characters appearing in the blaxploitation films of the early 1970s. It is through Wiegman’s phallic theories about Black males that this ethnic group created the term and culture of Black masculinity. Conclusion Through Barth this paper has been able to discuss the boundaries which the ethnic group Black masculinity was able to control. They were able to create their own ethnic group in response to the dominant culture. They defined themselves through being Black males. They embodied what it meant to be. They did this by dress and action. This is recently obvious through the media and ‘gangta’ rap and perhaps with this embodiment they are able to prove that they are able to exist as a powerful force within the dominant culture. Black masculinity members are able to have their own sense of language whether it be verbal, Ebonics, of physical, â€Å"cool pose†. This is how they established members of the group and were able to communicate with each other by these means. They reinforced that the â€Å"cool pose† displays toughness and it gains him respect and from this it promotes solidarity within the group of Black males. The â€Å"cool pose† is not always a good thing. In the media the dominant society does not see the athlete but the gangster and the stereotype which is created by the dominant culture. They are seen as a threat and to keep them safe Black masculinity was created in an attempt to create values and rules of their own in order to obtain status in a dominant culture. To keep this group exclusive these Black men created a language of their own and through this they communicate and they are able to maintain a strong bond through these means of communication. Through the use of language they create borders. The borders which they created allow them to maintain who they are without being assimilated into the dominant culture. They have embraced and emphasized who they are and what they stand for. To protect this they erected borders such as similar dress/style, language, sense of history and shared customs. These aspects are unique to them but as popular culture embraced these aspects such as language and dress the borders began to break. One thing that the dominant culture could not break is their gender and race. They were African American men and no matter what the dominant culture did to try and assimilate them they had this to celebrate. This is important to maintain the strength of your borders. Black masculinity is a group of Black males who have been able to preserve that they are part of an ethnic group and they have history which needs to be respected. They are trying to sustain a culture that is slowly being integrated into the dominant culture. If this group follows what Barth has laid out in order to maintain boundaries then Black masculinity will be able to be whomever they want within the dominant culture. REFERENCES Alexander, C. The Art of Being Black. 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